Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... the orexin ligand or receptor genes49,51. In most narcoleptics, the disease begins in the second or third decade of life, and the loss of orexin neurons is remarkably specific (producing no injury to the adjacent neurons that produce MCH)48,49. The cause is believed to be autoimmune, although convin ...
... the orexin ligand or receptor genes49,51. In most narcoleptics, the disease begins in the second or third decade of life, and the loss of orexin neurons is remarkably specific (producing no injury to the adjacent neurons that produce MCH)48,49. The cause is believed to be autoimmune, although convin ...
Conscious Modulation in Normal Sleep
... modular cortex. They are anatomical and functional patches of active and inactive zones of brain cortex, when in slow wave sleep. These on and off, as a way of functioning suggest that consciousness depends not much on firing rates, synchronization at specific frequency bands, or even sensorial inpu ...
... modular cortex. They are anatomical and functional patches of active and inactive zones of brain cortex, when in slow wave sleep. These on and off, as a way of functioning suggest that consciousness depends not much on firing rates, synchronization at specific frequency bands, or even sensorial inpu ...
Psychopharmacology - Ohio State University
... Self administration in rats and monkeys showed the high reinforcement potential of the barbiturates. Street use could be oral ingestion of high doses as a substitute for alcohol, or even worse, with alcohol to enhance the effects. IV injection seems to give a sensation close to the heroin “high” ...
... Self administration in rats and monkeys showed the high reinforcement potential of the barbiturates. Street use could be oral ingestion of high doses as a substitute for alcohol, or even worse, with alcohol to enhance the effects. IV injection seems to give a sensation close to the heroin “high” ...
Ch 12. Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes Introduction
... Fig. 12.8: Lateral prefrontal cortex may provide a transient buffer for sustaining information stored in other cortical regions. ...
... Fig. 12.8: Lateral prefrontal cortex may provide a transient buffer for sustaining information stored in other cortical regions. ...
Sleep and Biological Rhythms - University of South Alabama
... Why do we sleep? • Most researchers believe the function of slow-wave sleep is to permit the brain to ______. • REM sleep appears to promote brain development and ____________, but how it might do so is not yet ...
... Why do we sleep? • Most researchers believe the function of slow-wave sleep is to permit the brain to ______. • REM sleep appears to promote brain development and ____________, but how it might do so is not yet ...
Heading: Sensory Deprivation in Humans, Mice, and History Caleb B. Carson Running Head: Sensory Deprivation
... It is found in the experiment, Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex, in control mice one month of age, that the number of spines eliminated over a two week period was significantly higher than the percentage formed. To determine the effects o ...
... It is found in the experiment, Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex, in control mice one month of age, that the number of spines eliminated over a two week period was significantly higher than the percentage formed. To determine the effects o ...
Reduced thalamic and pontine connectivity in Kleine–Levin
... neurons in the dorsal pontine reticular formation, and also from brain stem monoaminergic neurons. One limitation with the present study was that we were not able to control for the participants’ sleep and wakefulness during fMRI scanning. Sleep could be controlled by simultaneous EEG and fMRI measu ...
... neurons in the dorsal pontine reticular formation, and also from brain stem monoaminergic neurons. One limitation with the present study was that we were not able to control for the participants’ sleep and wakefulness during fMRI scanning. Sleep could be controlled by simultaneous EEG and fMRI measu ...
What is spatial memory? Short-term spatial memory Spatial working
... (involved in building schematic representations) which facilitates the creation of spatial relationships between objects. Creating spatial relationships between objects is an important part of solving word problems because mental operations and transformations are required. For example, consider the ...
... (involved in building schematic representations) which facilitates the creation of spatial relationships between objects. Creating spatial relationships between objects is an important part of solving word problems because mental operations and transformations are required. For example, consider the ...
Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical
... The correlation of REM sleep EEG activity with ODP and ERK phosphorylation prompted us to more closely examine single-neuron activity during this sleep state. For example, in adult rodent hippocampus (13) and visual cortex (14), neuronal activity patterns present during maze running can be detected ...
... The correlation of REM sleep EEG activity with ODP and ERK phosphorylation prompted us to more closely examine single-neuron activity during this sleep state. For example, in adult rodent hippocampus (13) and visual cortex (14), neuronal activity patterns present during maze running can be detected ...
rem sleep - Website Staff UI
... waking, decreases firing during non REM sleep and completely stop firing during REM sleep. • Jouvet suggested that these neurons normally inhibit phasic REM events and that their silence during REM sleep indicates a termination of this inhibition. • Another population of brain cells that may be invo ...
... waking, decreases firing during non REM sleep and completely stop firing during REM sleep. • Jouvet suggested that these neurons normally inhibit phasic REM events and that their silence during REM sleep indicates a termination of this inhibition. • Another population of brain cells that may be invo ...
Neuroscience of Sleep - University of Ilorin
... waking, decreases firing during non REM sleep and completely stop firing during REM sleep. • Jouvet suggested that these neurons normally inhibit phasic REM events and that their silence during REM sleep indicates a termination of this inhibition. • Another population of brain cells that may be invo ...
... waking, decreases firing during non REM sleep and completely stop firing during REM sleep. • Jouvet suggested that these neurons normally inhibit phasic REM events and that their silence during REM sleep indicates a termination of this inhibition. • Another population of brain cells that may be invo ...
April14,04copy.doc
... cortex, it was important to consider GABA and its receptors as suitable candidates responsible for these physiological changes. Blocking GABAA receptors with the antagonist bicuculline results in signs of cortical disinhibition (Kyriazi et al, 1996) that are similar to those from deprived barrel cor ...
... cortex, it was important to consider GABA and its receptors as suitable candidates responsible for these physiological changes. Blocking GABAA receptors with the antagonist bicuculline results in signs of cortical disinhibition (Kyriazi et al, 1996) that are similar to those from deprived barrel cor ...
Cerebral correlates of delta waves during non
... at the central scalp. These regions include cortical areas (medial frontal and orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, anterior part of insula, precuneus), the basal ganglia, and the basal forebrain (Fig. 2, left panel). This distribution is actually closely similar to the previously publish ...
... at the central scalp. These regions include cortical areas (medial frontal and orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, anterior part of insula, precuneus), the basal ganglia, and the basal forebrain (Fig. 2, left panel). This distribution is actually closely similar to the previously publish ...
Although people with the movies, narcolepsy
... narcoleptics are mistakenly targeting the hypocretin/orexin receptors in their own brains as foreign. Because the body would continue to regenerate the receptors, such an autoimmune response would be expected to continue for the duration of the disease, but no such response has yet been detected in ...
... narcoleptics are mistakenly targeting the hypocretin/orexin receptors in their own brains as foreign. Because the body would continue to regenerate the receptors, such an autoimmune response would be expected to continue for the duration of the disease, but no such response has yet been detected in ...
Neurobilogy of Sleep
... serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and histamine (HA). • Neurons are often characterized with respect to sleep by when they are most active. Some neurons are active during wake, during rapid eye movement (REM) only (REM-on), during REM and wake (wake/REM-on), during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) only ( ...
... serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and histamine (HA). • Neurons are often characterized with respect to sleep by when they are most active. Some neurons are active during wake, during rapid eye movement (REM) only (REM-on), during REM and wake (wake/REM-on), during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) only ( ...
T A BOLD window into brain waves
... Hz; slow oscillations, ⬍1 Hz; and slow waves or delta waves, 1–4 Hz), intermediate (theta, 4–8 Hz; alpha, 8–12 Hz; and beta, 13–20 Hz), and fast (gamma, ⬎30 Hz). Moreover, slower fluctuations appear to group and modulate faster ones (1, 2). The BOLD signal underlying functional magnetic resonance im ...
... Hz; slow oscillations, ⬍1 Hz; and slow waves or delta waves, 1–4 Hz), intermediate (theta, 4–8 Hz; alpha, 8–12 Hz; and beta, 13–20 Hz), and fast (gamma, ⬎30 Hz). Moreover, slower fluctuations appear to group and modulate faster ones (1, 2). The BOLD signal underlying functional magnetic resonance im ...
The ventral striatum in goal-directed behavior and - UvA-DARE
... In this task, rodents are placed in a large tank filled with an opaque water solution and have to escape to a submerged platform. Over a series of trials, rodents learn to use distal cues to predict where the platform will be and improve their escape time dramatically. Rodents whose hippocampus is di ...
... In this task, rodents are placed in a large tank filled with an opaque water solution and have to escape to a submerged platform. Over a series of trials, rodents learn to use distal cues to predict where the platform will be and improve their escape time dramatically. Rodents whose hippocampus is di ...
Control of Wake and Sleep States
... pro-optic nucleus GABA neurons that inhibit the wake-promoting neurons of ARAS. Circadian influences are mediated by direct retinal and indirect SCN projections to GABA-ergic sleep-promoting neurons in VLPO and other regions of pre-optic area and BF. Once sleep is induced, the silence of cortically- ...
... pro-optic nucleus GABA neurons that inhibit the wake-promoting neurons of ARAS. Circadian influences are mediated by direct retinal and indirect SCN projections to GABA-ergic sleep-promoting neurons in VLPO and other regions of pre-optic area and BF. Once sleep is induced, the silence of cortically- ...
Respiratory Physiology during Sleep
... • This is possible because the four forms of Hb differ in their absorption for the different wavelengths of radiation. • In contrast, pulse oximetry uses only two wavelengths: 660 nm (red) and 940 nm (infrared) to measure the O2Hb and RHb. • COHb has about the same absorbance at 660 as O2Hb and, if ...
... • This is possible because the four forms of Hb differ in their absorption for the different wavelengths of radiation. • In contrast, pulse oximetry uses only two wavelengths: 660 nm (red) and 940 nm (infrared) to measure the O2Hb and RHb. • COHb has about the same absorbance at 660 as O2Hb and, if ...
Reactivation, retrieval, replay and reconsolidation in and out of
... that produces amnesia when administered after learning. Those rats that were “reminded” before ECS, showed a significant behavioral deficit when tested the following day. ECS in absence of the cue had no effect on subsequent behavior (Misanin et al., 1968). Cuedependent amnesia could likewise be ind ...
... that produces amnesia when administered after learning. Those rats that were “reminded” before ECS, showed a significant behavioral deficit when tested the following day. ECS in absence of the cue had no effect on subsequent behavior (Misanin et al., 1968). Cuedependent amnesia could likewise be ind ...
Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning
... of sleep spindles in learning is not confined to sleep episodes immediately after training [22]. In the same species, spindles particularly at the transition to REM sleep were shown to be involved in the consolidation of novel memories [23]. These studies show that spindles play a role in learning a ...
... of sleep spindles in learning is not confined to sleep episodes immediately after training [22]. In the same species, spindles particularly at the transition to REM sleep were shown to be involved in the consolidation of novel memories [23]. These studies show that spindles play a role in learning a ...
Slide 1
... • REM sleep may be a reverse learning process where superfluous information is purged from the brain • Daily sleep requirements decline with age • Stage 4 sleep declines steadily and may ...
... • REM sleep may be a reverse learning process where superfluous information is purged from the brain • Daily sleep requirements decline with age • Stage 4 sleep declines steadily and may ...
Neural Basis of Brain Dysfunction Produced by Early Sleep Problems
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
Life span chapter 3-1 File
... interconnections among them. Later, the numbers of both neurons and connections decrease as a result of the infant’s experiences. ...
... interconnections among them. Later, the numbers of both neurons and connections decrease as a result of the infant’s experiences. ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... would spare fibers of passage has also not produced consistent effects. In two studies from the same laboratory (Denoyer et al. 1991; Sallanon et al. 1988), ibotenic acid applied to the posterior hypothalamus produced a hypersomnia for 1–4 days followed by hyposomnia; REM sleep was increased only du ...
... would spare fibers of passage has also not produced consistent effects. In two studies from the same laboratory (Denoyer et al. 1991; Sallanon et al. 1988), ibotenic acid applied to the posterior hypothalamus produced a hypersomnia for 1–4 days followed by hyposomnia; REM sleep was increased only du ...
Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
It has been estimated that over 20% of adults suffer from some form of sleep deprivation. Insomnia and sleep deprivation are common symptoms of depression and can be an indication of other mental disorders. The consequences of not getting enough sleep could have dire results; not only to the health of the individual, but those around them as sleep deprivation increases the risk of human-error related accidents, especially with vigilance-based tasks involving technology.