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Low Power Pulse Width Modulator
Low Power Pulse Width Modulator

... be able to sink (4 • I4) with at a voltage less than the 3.5V upper threshold of the oscillator. It must also be able to source 36 • I4 at a voltage greater than the 1.5V lower threshold of the oscillator. As long as FREQ is held high, the output is guaranteed to be low. ...
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... developing a very large potential (L dI/dt) across its terminals. This potential is typically dropped across the object (usually a switch) that is effecting the change in current. Therefore, breaking a closed circuit with an inductor often results in a spark across the switch contacts. Over time, th ...
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... propagation of these cracks. One other thing some manufacturers add is to change the plate overlap area. By reducing this overlap and so removing the over lap from the likely zone of crack propagation, even if cracks occur, these may not lead to electrical shorts. This change may cause the capacitor ...
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Spark-gap transmitter



A spark-gap transmitter is a device that generates radio frequency electromagnetic waves using a spark gap.Spark gap transmitters were the first devices to demonstrate practical radio transmission, and were the standard technology for the first three decades of radio (1887–1916). Later, more efficient transmitters were developed based on rotary machines like the high-speed Alexanderson alternators and the static Poulsen Arc generators.Most operators, however, still preferred spark transmitters because of their uncomplicated design and because the carrier stopped when the telegraph key was released, which let the operator ""listen through"" for a reply. With other types of transmitter, the carrier could not be controlled so easily, and they required elaborate measures to modulate the carrier and to prevent transmitter leakage from de-sensitizing the receiver. After WWI, greatly improved transmitters based on vacuum tubes became available, which overcame these problems, and by the late 1920s the only spark transmitters still in regular operation were ""legacy"" installations on naval vessels. Even when vacuum tube based transmitters had been installed, many vessels retained their crude but reliable spark transmitters as an emergency backup. However, by 1940, the technology was no longer used for communication. Use of the spark-gap transmitter led to many radio operators being nicknamed ""Sparks"" long after they ceased using spark transmitters. Even today, the German verb funken, literally, ""to spark,"" also means ""to send a radio message or signal.""
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