CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
... The energy necessary for life is contained in the arrangement of electrons in chemical bonds in organic molecules. An important question is how do cells extract this energy? ...
... The energy necessary for life is contained in the arrangement of electrons in chemical bonds in organic molecules. An important question is how do cells extract this energy? ...
Bio301 final exam 2005 with model answers
... Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification is a novel way or nitrogen removal from wastewater. Explain what the difficulties are to have both processes running in parallel and how SND can be accomplished. Nitrification involves the aerobic oxidation of ammonia, the key inorganic nitrogen compoun ...
... Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification is a novel way or nitrogen removal from wastewater. Explain what the difficulties are to have both processes running in parallel and how SND can be accomplished. Nitrification involves the aerobic oxidation of ammonia, the key inorganic nitrogen compoun ...
Plankton, Nekton
... Phytoplankton • Phytoplankton are responsible for 40% of all the world’s photosynthetic food on Earth (and 95% of all the ocean’s!) • Provide ~one half of all the oxygen we breathe! • Collectively, the production of organic compounds from CO2 is referred to as primary productivity ...
... Phytoplankton • Phytoplankton are responsible for 40% of all the world’s photosynthetic food on Earth (and 95% of all the ocean’s!) • Provide ~one half of all the oxygen we breathe! • Collectively, the production of organic compounds from CO2 is referred to as primary productivity ...
Chapter 6 notes
... oxidative phosphorylation • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain to O2, the final electron acceptor. • Oxygen picks up H+, which forms water. • Energy released by these redox reactions is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the ...
... oxidative phosphorylation • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain to O2, the final electron acceptor. • Oxygen picks up H+, which forms water. • Energy released by these redox reactions is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Foundation Worksheet 1
... Rusting is a form of corrosion, where oxygen combines with iron to form iron oxide or rust. 2 A redox reaction occurs in two parts: oxidation, when atoms lose electrons; and reduction, when atoms gain electrons. ...
... Rusting is a form of corrosion, where oxygen combines with iron to form iron oxide or rust. 2 A redox reaction occurs in two parts: oxidation, when atoms lose electrons; and reduction, when atoms gain electrons. ...
11.2 Types of Chemical Reactions
... A decomposition reaction is a chemical change in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products. Decomposition reactions involve only one reactant and two or more products. The products can be any combination of elements and compounds. It is usually difficult to predict the pr ...
... A decomposition reaction is a chemical change in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products. Decomposition reactions involve only one reactant and two or more products. The products can be any combination of elements and compounds. It is usually difficult to predict the pr ...
Mango gall midge
... well as in lateral axis of new leaves. Nymphs emerge from eggs during AugustSeptember and crawl to the adjacent buds to suck cell sap. As a result of feeding, the buds develop into hard conical green galls. The galls are usually seen during September-October. ] Consequently, there is no fruit set. ...
... well as in lateral axis of new leaves. Nymphs emerge from eggs during AugustSeptember and crawl to the adjacent buds to suck cell sap. As a result of feeding, the buds develop into hard conical green galls. The galls are usually seen during September-October. ] Consequently, there is no fruit set. ...
oxidation - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk
... free fatty acids (FFAs). w FFAs travel via blood to muscle fibers and are broken down by enzymes in the mitochondria into acetic acid which is converted to acetyl CoA. w Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle and the electron ...
... free fatty acids (FFAs). w FFAs travel via blood to muscle fibers and are broken down by enzymes in the mitochondria into acetic acid which is converted to acetyl CoA. w Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle and the electron ...
Pre AP Bio Nov 8 2016
... • How did we get from glucose to lactic acid? • In the liver, the process is “reversed” using ATP from aerobic respiration ...
... • How did we get from glucose to lactic acid? • In the liver, the process is “reversed” using ATP from aerobic respiration ...
Airgas template
... reactions, each controlled by a different enzyme. – Only 2 ATP molecules are produced, but NADH, H+, FADH2 are formed, which enter the electron transport chain. ...
... reactions, each controlled by a different enzyme. – Only 2 ATP molecules are produced, but NADH, H+, FADH2 are formed, which enter the electron transport chain. ...
fermentation
... • Protons (hydrogen ions, H+) are also given up by NADH and FADH2. • As the electrons move through the electron transport chain, they lose energy. This energy is used to pump protons from the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. ...
... • Protons (hydrogen ions, H+) are also given up by NADH and FADH2. • As the electrons move through the electron transport chain, they lose energy. This energy is used to pump protons from the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. ...
Plant Signaling and Behavior
... confirms that root nodulation is controlled by shoot genotype. The expression level of marker gene NIN,10 which is required for infection thread formation and nodule primordium initiation, was analyzed in the root of grafted plants by using real time RT-PCR by the methods described in Tominaga et al ...
... confirms that root nodulation is controlled by shoot genotype. The expression level of marker gene NIN,10 which is required for infection thread formation and nodule primordium initiation, was analyzed in the root of grafted plants by using real time RT-PCR by the methods described in Tominaga et al ...
Chapter 5: chemical reactions in the living cell
... are chemical reactions where the Gibb’s free energy of the products is larger than G of the reactants (see Figure below); endergonic reactions require an energy input into the system, in living organisms usually in form of sunlight or the chemical bond energy of ATP the most important chemical rea ...
... are chemical reactions where the Gibb’s free energy of the products is larger than G of the reactants (see Figure below); endergonic reactions require an energy input into the system, in living organisms usually in form of sunlight or the chemical bond energy of ATP the most important chemical rea ...
TCA Cycle
... A dark-colored, mitochondrionrich adipose tissue in many mammals that generates heat (not energy) to regulate body temperature, especially in hibernating animals. ...
... A dark-colored, mitochondrionrich adipose tissue in many mammals that generates heat (not energy) to regulate body temperature, especially in hibernating animals. ...
Slides
... All plants can take up N in the form of NH4+ and nitrate (NO3-). Nitrate must be reduced to NH3+ before it can be incorporated into amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids. 1. Nitrate Uptake into plant: H+/NO3 symport NO3 is stored in vacuoles for use later 2. Two enzymes reduce NO3 --> NH3 a. Nitra ...
... All plants can take up N in the form of NH4+ and nitrate (NO3-). Nitrate must be reduced to NH3+ before it can be incorporated into amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids. 1. Nitrate Uptake into plant: H+/NO3 symport NO3 is stored in vacuoles for use later 2. Two enzymes reduce NO3 --> NH3 a. Nitra ...
citric acid cycle
... 1) in the first oxidative step electrons pass directly to O2, generating H2O2, and 2) the NADH formed in oxidation cannot be reoxidized, and the peroxisome must export reducing equivalents to the cytosol. (These eventually are passed on to mitochondria.) Fatty acid oxidation in glyoxysomes occurs ...
... 1) in the first oxidative step electrons pass directly to O2, generating H2O2, and 2) the NADH formed in oxidation cannot be reoxidized, and the peroxisome must export reducing equivalents to the cytosol. (These eventually are passed on to mitochondria.) Fatty acid oxidation in glyoxysomes occurs ...
Working With Enzymes - Southern Biological
... than “concentration” when comparing two similar enzymes. For example, it makes no sense to describe two types of amylase at the same concentration as being equivalent if one is ten times more active than the other. ...
... than “concentration” when comparing two similar enzymes. For example, it makes no sense to describe two types of amylase at the same concentration as being equivalent if one is ten times more active than the other. ...
Test 5 Ch 2 - Kenton County Schools
... ____ 11. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following statements regarding the graph is true? a. Reaction 2 occurs faster than Reaction 3 because Reaction 2 requires more energy than Reaction 3. b. The difference between the graphs shown for Reaction 2 and Reaction 3 occurs because of a ...
... ____ 11. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following statements regarding the graph is true? a. Reaction 2 occurs faster than Reaction 3 because Reaction 2 requires more energy than Reaction 3. b. The difference between the graphs shown for Reaction 2 and Reaction 3 occurs because of a ...
Answer Key 2 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... To convert (or assimilate) CO2 into carbohydrates. e) What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle reactions that are similar to the pentose phosphate pathway? (2 pts) Regeneration of the acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, for CO2 fixation by the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ox ...
... To convert (or assimilate) CO2 into carbohydrates. e) What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle reactions that are similar to the pentose phosphate pathway? (2 pts) Regeneration of the acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, for CO2 fixation by the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ox ...
Camp 1
... Carried out by four closely related multisubunit membrane-bound complexes and two electron carriers, coenzyme Q and cytochrome c. • In a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons from FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one complex to the next until they reach O2. • O2 is reduced to H2O. ...
... Carried out by four closely related multisubunit membrane-bound complexes and two electron carriers, coenzyme Q and cytochrome c. • In a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons from FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one complex to the next until they reach O2. • O2 is reduced to H2O. ...
CHAPTER 39
... In transcriptional regulation, transcription factors bind directly to specific regions of DNA and control the transcription of specific genes. ○ In the case of phytochrome-induced de-etiolation, several transcription factors are activated by phosphorylation, some through the cyclic GMP pathway, whil ...
... In transcriptional regulation, transcription factors bind directly to specific regions of DNA and control the transcription of specific genes. ○ In the case of phytochrome-induced de-etiolation, several transcription factors are activated by phosphorylation, some through the cyclic GMP pathway, whil ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.