Multiple-choice questions : 1. The following graph shows the volume
... 12. In the graphs below, curve (i) was obtained when 3 g of zinc granules was reacted with excess 2.0 M hydrochloric acid. Curves (ii) and (iii) were obtained after making changes to the acid. Curve (ii): Excess 1.0 M nitric acid Curve (iii): Excess 1.5 M sulphuric acid Which of the following graph ...
... 12. In the graphs below, curve (i) was obtained when 3 g of zinc granules was reacted with excess 2.0 M hydrochloric acid. Curves (ii) and (iii) were obtained after making changes to the acid. Curve (ii): Excess 1.0 M nitric acid Curve (iii): Excess 1.5 M sulphuric acid Which of the following graph ...
Mitochondria - Physical Mathematics
... Stage 1: High-energy electrons (derived from the oxidation of food molecules, from pigments excited by sunlight, or from other sources described later) are transferred along a series of electron-transport protein complexes that form an electron-transport chain embedded in a membrane. Each electron t ...
... Stage 1: High-energy electrons (derived from the oxidation of food molecules, from pigments excited by sunlight, or from other sources described later) are transferred along a series of electron-transport protein complexes that form an electron-transport chain embedded in a membrane. Each electron t ...
Summary
... •And reduction of 4 NAD+ and one FAD. •And phosphorylation of one GDP. •The TCA cycle is a source of biosynthetic precursors. •Pyruvate carboxylase and the glyoxylate cycle replenish precursors •Replenishment of NAD + and FAD are also essential. ...
... •And reduction of 4 NAD+ and one FAD. •And phosphorylation of one GDP. •The TCA cycle is a source of biosynthetic precursors. •Pyruvate carboxylase and the glyoxylate cycle replenish precursors •Replenishment of NAD + and FAD are also essential. ...
Chapter 16 solutions
... conversions would be blocked by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate? (a) Glucose → pyruvate (b) Pyruvate → glucose (c) Oxaloacetate → glucose (d) Malate → oxaloacetate (e) Pyruvate → oxaloacetate (f) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate → fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Answer: Reactions in parts b and e wo ...
... conversions would be blocked by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate? (a) Glucose → pyruvate (b) Pyruvate → glucose (c) Oxaloacetate → glucose (d) Malate → oxaloacetate (e) Pyruvate → oxaloacetate (f) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate → fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Answer: Reactions in parts b and e wo ...
The Proton-Motive Force Overview Compartmentalization
... • Proton gradient across mitochondrial membrane ...
... • Proton gradient across mitochondrial membrane ...
AP Biology Chapter 9.2016
... Purpose: (Read the full procedure; using the Overview, Objectives, Introduction and noting our discussion on previous slide--- write out in your own words the Purpose of the Lab procedure; Sometimes their will be need to make a prediction/hypothesis) Please predict which temperature will have a high ...
... Purpose: (Read the full procedure; using the Overview, Objectives, Introduction and noting our discussion on previous slide--- write out in your own words the Purpose of the Lab procedure; Sometimes their will be need to make a prediction/hypothesis) Please predict which temperature will have a high ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... the carbon isotope discrimination of a small area of leaf, and thus larger-than-typical gas exchange cuvettes are generally required (Pons et al., 2009; Flexas et al., 2012a). The main advantage of this method is that it is the only one based on combining information from two completely independen ...
... the carbon isotope discrimination of a small area of leaf, and thus larger-than-typical gas exchange cuvettes are generally required (Pons et al., 2009; Flexas et al., 2012a). The main advantage of this method is that it is the only one based on combining information from two completely independen ...
SECONDARY STAGE BIOLOGY Sindh Textbook
... functional units of DNA. The genes provide necessary information needed to control the life of the cell. The sub-cellular structures, called organelles, function as chemical factories and use the information in the genes to keep the cell alive. A thin covering called cell membrane encloses the cytop ...
... functional units of DNA. The genes provide necessary information needed to control the life of the cell. The sub-cellular structures, called organelles, function as chemical factories and use the information in the genes to keep the cell alive. A thin covering called cell membrane encloses the cytop ...
reaction
... actively transport protons across the membrane (proton pump) A proton gradient is established. Outside membrane becomes more positive compared with the other side. The resulting electrochemical gradient called proton motive force. Protons across the membrane only through protein channels that co ...
... actively transport protons across the membrane (proton pump) A proton gradient is established. Outside membrane becomes more positive compared with the other side. The resulting electrochemical gradient called proton motive force. Protons across the membrane only through protein channels that co ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
... • Carbon atoms are special because they can form bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. – straight chain – branched chain – ring (will always have carbon in the corners) ...
... • Carbon atoms are special because they can form bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. – straight chain – branched chain – ring (will always have carbon in the corners) ...
ENERGY-PRODUCING ABILITY OF BACTERIA
... alternative adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-forming pathways that enable the model bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens to survive a nitrosative challenge in a fumarate medium. Fumarate was metabolized by fumarase C (FUM C), a RNS-resistant enzyme and fumarate reductase (FRD). The enhanced activities of p ...
... alternative adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-forming pathways that enable the model bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens to survive a nitrosative challenge in a fumarate medium. Fumarate was metabolized by fumarase C (FUM C), a RNS-resistant enzyme and fumarate reductase (FRD). The enhanced activities of p ...
39 | the respiratory system
... breathe approximately 15 times per minute on average. Canines, like the dog in Figure 39.1, have a respiratory rate of about 15–30 breaths per minute. With every inhalation, air fills the lungs, and with every exhalation, air rushes back out. That air is doing more than just inflating and deflating ...
... breathe approximately 15 times per minute on average. Canines, like the dog in Figure 39.1, have a respiratory rate of about 15–30 breaths per minute. With every inhalation, air fills the lungs, and with every exhalation, air rushes back out. That air is doing more than just inflating and deflating ...
All About Bacteria Lab
... atmosphere if not for the activity of the decomposers (bacteria and fungi). This may not seem all that bad to you but think about it. Without carbon dioxide there would be no photosynthesis in plants and therefore no food. When organisms die, the carbon in their bodies is not available for other liv ...
... atmosphere if not for the activity of the decomposers (bacteria and fungi). This may not seem all that bad to you but think about it. Without carbon dioxide there would be no photosynthesis in plants and therefore no food. When organisms die, the carbon in their bodies is not available for other liv ...
4.6 Fermentation
... to continue? • Glycolysis needs an electron carrier molecule – Without NAD+, glycolysis would stop – By picking up high, energy electrons, a eukaryotic cell can continue to break down glucose for a small amount of ATP ...
... to continue? • Glycolysis needs an electron carrier molecule – Without NAD+, glycolysis would stop – By picking up high, energy electrons, a eukaryotic cell can continue to break down glucose for a small amount of ATP ...
Lecture 9
... • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
... • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
Unit IX - Ecology - Lesson Module
... Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (the host). In general, the parasite does not kill the host. Some parasites, such as tape worms, heartworms, or bacteria, live within the host. Some parasites, such as aphids ...
... Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (the host). In general, the parasite does not kill the host. Some parasites, such as tape worms, heartworms, or bacteria, live within the host. Some parasites, such as aphids ...
Chapter 9 Powerpoint
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 ...
Protozoologica
... have been investigated substantially. For example, nonkiller xenosomes contain two plasmids that are similar in length and genetic composition, while killer xenosomes contain four plasmids, two which appear to be genetically similar and two that are distinct. A multicopy genome may help the symbiont ...
... have been investigated substantially. For example, nonkiller xenosomes contain two plasmids that are similar in length and genetic composition, while killer xenosomes contain four plasmids, two which appear to be genetically similar and two that are distinct. A multicopy genome may help the symbiont ...
SQA CfE Higher Biology Unit 3: Sustainability and Interdependence
... produce food in the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves and little to none occurs in plant stems. The process of photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in the leaf where photosynthetic pigments are located. The most important photosynthetic pigment is ...
... produce food in the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves and little to none occurs in plant stems. The process of photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in the leaf where photosynthetic pigments are located. The most important photosynthetic pigment is ...
Nature template
... phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase or pyruvate carboxylase. The product, oxaloacetate, could be converted into amino acids and stored in proteins or possibly secreted from the embryo (e.g. in reduced form as malate). However, based on the amino acid composition of B. napus embryos, recovery of CO2 via ...
... phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase or pyruvate carboxylase. The product, oxaloacetate, could be converted into amino acids and stored in proteins or possibly secreted from the embryo (e.g. in reduced form as malate). However, based on the amino acid composition of B. napus embryos, recovery of CO2 via ...
Introduction to Metabolism
... _______ Accepts the acetyl group from reduced lipoic acid. _______ Oxidizes the reduced form of lipoic acid. _______ Initial electron acceptor in oxidation of pyruvate. ...
... _______ Accepts the acetyl group from reduced lipoic acid. _______ Oxidizes the reduced form of lipoic acid. _______ Initial electron acceptor in oxidation of pyruvate. ...
Chapter 6. Metabolism & Enzymes
... active site binds substrate & puts stress on bonds that must be broken, making it easier to separate molecules ...
... active site binds substrate & puts stress on bonds that must be broken, making it easier to separate molecules ...
Sustainability and Interdependence
... produce food in the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves and little to none occurs in plant stems. The process of photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in the leaf where photosynthetic pigments are located. The most important photosynthetic pigment is ...
... produce food in the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves and little to none occurs in plant stems. The process of photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in the leaf where photosynthetic pigments are located. The most important photosynthetic pigment is ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.