Transplantation of carica (Vasconcellea pubescens)
... conditions. It aims to expand the area of the lightharvesting so as to obtain more solar radiation that can be used optimally in the process of photosynthesis (Prandnyawan et al. 2004). The presence of shade caused an increase in leaf area. In addition, fertilizater can also lead to differences in l ...
... conditions. It aims to expand the area of the lightharvesting so as to obtain more solar radiation that can be used optimally in the process of photosynthesis (Prandnyawan et al. 2004). The presence of shade caused an increase in leaf area. In addition, fertilizater can also lead to differences in l ...
What is the 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
... and water into food to be used by plants. – Oxygen is released into the air during the process. (O2) – Light or solar energy is captured by chlorophyll (CHLOR-oh-phil), the green pigment in leaves. – It is then converted into chemical energy which is stored as starch or sugar. – These starches and s ...
... and water into food to be used by plants. – Oxygen is released into the air during the process. (O2) – Light or solar energy is captured by chlorophyll (CHLOR-oh-phil), the green pigment in leaves. – It is then converted into chemical energy which is stored as starch or sugar. – These starches and s ...
The mitochondrial respiratory chain
... differences and dynamic behaviour is still not well understood. Mitochondria are thought to have evolved at least 2000 million years ago from bacteria that had acquired an oxygen-utilizing respiratory chain in response to the increasing levels of atmospheric oxygen that arose from the advent of oxyg ...
... differences and dynamic behaviour is still not well understood. Mitochondria are thought to have evolved at least 2000 million years ago from bacteria that had acquired an oxygen-utilizing respiratory chain in response to the increasing levels of atmospheric oxygen that arose from the advent of oxyg ...
world journal of pharmaceutical research
... passed through a chain of carriers until they are finally received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to yield water. Electrons passage down the chain results in energy capture and storage for ATP production.[1] In addition to passing electrons from the cristae of mitochondria complexes of the electr ...
... passed through a chain of carriers until they are finally received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to yield water. Electrons passage down the chain results in energy capture and storage for ATP production.[1] In addition to passing electrons from the cristae of mitochondria complexes of the electr ...
Role of photosynthesis and analysis of key enzymes involved in
... its photosynthetic activity mainly involved in pigment biosynthesis. The particular pattern of expression, across the tobacco flower lifespan, of several proteins involved in respiration and primary metabolism, indicate that petal carbon metabolism is highest at the anthesis stage; while some enzyme ...
... its photosynthetic activity mainly involved in pigment biosynthesis. The particular pattern of expression, across the tobacco flower lifespan, of several proteins involved in respiration and primary metabolism, indicate that petal carbon metabolism is highest at the anthesis stage; while some enzyme ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... but produces two molecules of oxaloacetate. The net for this cycle is one oxaloacetate from two acetyl-CoA molecules. ...
... but produces two molecules of oxaloacetate. The net for this cycle is one oxaloacetate from two acetyl-CoA molecules. ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduce ...
... In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduce ...
Nobel Prizes 1907 Eduard Buchner, cell
... epimerase )|FAA-CoAglc(animal:even number,no;odd,yes;plants:yes,glyoxylate cycle)|omega Oxidation in ER|Phytanic acid oxidation in Peroxisome| Difference between phytanic acid and pristanic acid: methyl group on beta carbon cannot undergo b oxidation|Ketone body: Acetyl-CoA CoA in liver can be con ...
... epimerase )|FAA-CoAglc(animal:even number,no;odd,yes;plants:yes,glyoxylate cycle)|omega Oxidation in ER|Phytanic acid oxidation in Peroxisome| Difference between phytanic acid and pristanic acid: methyl group on beta carbon cannot undergo b oxidation|Ketone body: Acetyl-CoA CoA in liver can be con ...
e tutorial Botany 3rd year
... solvent (usually water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. 2.Net movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential. 3. Tende ...
... solvent (usually water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. 2.Net movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential. 3. Tende ...
Slide 1
... amino acids. Enzymes are present in all living cells, where they help converting nutrients into energy and fresh cell material. Enzymes breakdown of food materials into simpler compounds. Examples: - pepsin, trypsin and peptidases break down proteins into amino acids - lipases split fats into glycer ...
... amino acids. Enzymes are present in all living cells, where they help converting nutrients into energy and fresh cell material. Enzymes breakdown of food materials into simpler compounds. Examples: - pepsin, trypsin and peptidases break down proteins into amino acids - lipases split fats into glycer ...
ATP - IS MU
... Autotrophic cells ("self-feeding" cells) – green leaf cells of plants and photosynthetic bacteria – utilize CO2 from the atmosphere as the sole source of carbon for construction of all their carbon-containing biomolecules. They absorb energy of the sunlight. The synthesis of organic compounds is ess ...
... Autotrophic cells ("self-feeding" cells) – green leaf cells of plants and photosynthetic bacteria – utilize CO2 from the atmosphere as the sole source of carbon for construction of all their carbon-containing biomolecules. They absorb energy of the sunlight. The synthesis of organic compounds is ess ...
video slide
... • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • This is an example of chemiosmosis, the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • This is an example of chemiosmosis, the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Biology Form 3
... • this influences rate of water evaporation from organisms • therefore it affects distribution of organisms e.g. wind increases rate of transpiration and evaporation of water from the soil • wind is an agent of soil erosion, may break and uproot trees • may aid in the formation of sand dunes which c ...
... • this influences rate of water evaporation from organisms • therefore it affects distribution of organisms e.g. wind increases rate of transpiration and evaporation of water from the soil • wind is an agent of soil erosion, may break and uproot trees • may aid in the formation of sand dunes which c ...
Ch t 19 apter 19 The Citric Acid Cycle
... macromolecules, are broken down to smaller molecules, such as sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids • Small molecules are processed further, and the end products of catabolism frequently enter the citric acid cycle, which plays a key role in metabolism ...
... macromolecules, are broken down to smaller molecules, such as sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids • Small molecules are processed further, and the end products of catabolism frequently enter the citric acid cycle, which plays a key role in metabolism ...
KCSE ONLINE REVISION BIOLOGY NOTES FORM 3 This
... this influences rate of water evaporation from organisms therefore it affects distribution of organisms e.g. wind increases rate of transpiration and evaporation of water from the soil wind is an agent of soil erosion, may break and uproot trees may aid in the formation of sand dunes which c ...
... this influences rate of water evaporation from organisms therefore it affects distribution of organisms e.g. wind increases rate of transpiration and evaporation of water from the soil wind is an agent of soil erosion, may break and uproot trees may aid in the formation of sand dunes which c ...
Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC
... sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids and polyamines, resulting in fairly comprehensive coverage of the central pathways of primary metabolism [7]. Nevertheless, the use of this technique in algal studies is still relatively rare [4]. This is at least partly due to the complexity of establishin ...
... sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids and polyamines, resulting in fairly comprehensive coverage of the central pathways of primary metabolism [7]. Nevertheless, the use of this technique in algal studies is still relatively rare [4]. This is at least partly due to the complexity of establishin ...
How can we make plants grow faster? A source–sink perspective on
... Carbon Mature leaves are net sources of carbon. Carbon dioxide is fixed to generate triose phosphate in photosynthesis, which is then converted to starch for diurnal storage in the chloroplast (Smith and Stitt, 2007; Gibon et al., 2009; Stitt and Zeeman, 2012; Pilkington et al., 2015), or to sucrose ...
... Carbon Mature leaves are net sources of carbon. Carbon dioxide is fixed to generate triose phosphate in photosynthesis, which is then converted to starch for diurnal storage in the chloroplast (Smith and Stitt, 2007; Gibon et al., 2009; Stitt and Zeeman, 2012; Pilkington et al., 2015), or to sucrose ...
AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 121516
... • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentati ...
... • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentati ...
23. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
... is formed in which the oxygen is covalently incorporated, for example in the oxidation of a hydrocarbon to an alcohol, ...
... is formed in which the oxygen is covalently incorporated, for example in the oxidation of a hydrocarbon to an alcohol, ...
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)
... Distribution of 14 C-labeled substrates indicates that more than 90% of the carbon in fermented sugars is converted into metabolic end products, usually lactic acid (see Fig. 11-2). As little as 5% of the glucose carbon consumed is converted into biomass. It has been proposed that the term homolacti ...
... Distribution of 14 C-labeled substrates indicates that more than 90% of the carbon in fermented sugars is converted into metabolic end products, usually lactic acid (see Fig. 11-2). As little as 5% of the glucose carbon consumed is converted into biomass. It has been proposed that the term homolacti ...
Muscle Metabolism lecture teacher
... 1. Glycogen enters glycogenolysis producing glucose fast 2. Yields 2 ATP for each pair of lactic acid molecules produced 3. Not much, but enough to keep the muscle functioning if it fails to receive sufficient oxygen to meet its ATP needs by respiration. 4. However, this source is limited and eventu ...
... 1. Glycogen enters glycogenolysis producing glucose fast 2. Yields 2 ATP for each pair of lactic acid molecules produced 3. Not much, but enough to keep the muscle functioning if it fails to receive sufficient oxygen to meet its ATP needs by respiration. 4. However, this source is limited and eventu ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.