Redox cycling”
... The importance of the electrons Note that electrons can never just “appear” and can thereby only be donated by electron donors, and they can never “disappear” and can thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce other compoun ...
... The importance of the electrons Note that electrons can never just “appear” and can thereby only be donated by electron donors, and they can never “disappear” and can thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce other compoun ...
electron transport chain
... • Metabolic pathways that release the energy stored in complex organic molecules are catabolic. • One type of catabolic process, fermentation, leads to the partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. • A more efficient and widespread catabolic process, cellular respiration, uses oxygen ...
... • Metabolic pathways that release the energy stored in complex organic molecules are catabolic. • One type of catabolic process, fermentation, leads to the partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. • A more efficient and widespread catabolic process, cellular respiration, uses oxygen ...
Chapter 6: The Shoot System II: the Form and Structure of Leaves
... Green plants, algae, and a few species of bacteria use sunlight as an energy source. Other inhabitants of the earth obtain energy by consuming--directly or indirectly--what the green plants produce. Photosynthesis is the process used by plants to synthesize sugars and release oxygen; the chloroplast ...
... Green plants, algae, and a few species of bacteria use sunlight as an energy source. Other inhabitants of the earth obtain energy by consuming--directly or indirectly--what the green plants produce. Photosynthesis is the process used by plants to synthesize sugars and release oxygen; the chloroplast ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
... What is mitochondria? 2 membranes: Inner - only permeable to O2, H2O transporters req’d for ATP, Pi, pyruvate, etc. folding increases surface area (site of ox. phos. machinery) Matrix contains: citric acid cycle enzymes Fatty acid oxidation enzymes (discuss later) ...
... What is mitochondria? 2 membranes: Inner - only permeable to O2, H2O transporters req’d for ATP, Pi, pyruvate, etc. folding increases surface area (site of ox. phos. machinery) Matrix contains: citric acid cycle enzymes Fatty acid oxidation enzymes (discuss later) ...
video slide
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Environmental Systems and Societies Chapter 2
... A pyramid of biomass quantifies the amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time, and represents the standing stock of each trophic level measured in units such as grams of biomass per metre squared (g m–2). Biomass may also be measured in units of energy, such as joule ...
... A pyramid of biomass quantifies the amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time, and represents the standing stock of each trophic level measured in units such as grams of biomass per metre squared (g m–2). Biomass may also be measured in units of energy, such as joule ...
Biotic and abiotic components - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges
... A pyramid of biomass quantifies the amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time, and represents the standing stock of each trophic level measured in units such as grams of biomass per metre squared (g m–2). Biomass may also be measured in units of energy, such as joule ...
... A pyramid of biomass quantifies the amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time, and represents the standing stock of each trophic level measured in units such as grams of biomass per metre squared (g m–2). Biomass may also be measured in units of energy, such as joule ...
Exploring Chemistry Using SMT - Theoretical Biochemistry Group
... their chemical synthesis from simpler precursor compounds. Therefore total synthesis of natural products is one of the fundamental challenges of organic chemistry. Chemical synthesis involves multistep synthetic sequences of elementary reactions. An elementary reaction transforms a set of chemical c ...
... their chemical synthesis from simpler precursor compounds. Therefore total synthesis of natural products is one of the fundamental challenges of organic chemistry. Chemical synthesis involves multistep synthetic sequences of elementary reactions. An elementary reaction transforms a set of chemical c ...
Chapter 2 Notes (Sections 1-4)
... • Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. • Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. ...
... • Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. • Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. ...
RESPIRATION
... catabolic process. It involves the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler molecules with the release of energy. On the other hand, the process of respiration that occurs at organismic level is also called external respiration. It involves the inhaling of oxygen and exhaling of carbon di ...
... catabolic process. It involves the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler molecules with the release of energy. On the other hand, the process of respiration that occurs at organismic level is also called external respiration. It involves the inhaling of oxygen and exhaling of carbon di ...
Metabolism
... Aerobic respiration can release energy from a molecule of glucose to produce 36 ATP, shown in this equation. C6H12O6+6O2 --Enzymes---> 6CO2+6H2O+36ATP ...
... Aerobic respiration can release energy from a molecule of glucose to produce 36 ATP, shown in this equation. C6H12O6+6O2 --Enzymes---> 6CO2+6H2O+36ATP ...
15. The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in
... 19.5 Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle Control of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◈ Regulatory control (in citric acid cycle) 1) Citrate synthase is an allosteric enzyme inhibited by ATP, NADH, succinyl-CoA, and its product. 2) Isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction: ADP and NAD+ are allosteric act ...
... 19.5 Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle Control of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◈ Regulatory control (in citric acid cycle) 1) Citrate synthase is an allosteric enzyme inhibited by ATP, NADH, succinyl-CoA, and its product. 2) Isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction: ADP and NAD+ are allosteric act ...
1 Vascular Seedless Plants
... The trees tower in the sky, while the mosses carpet the forest floor. Mosses, like the first plants, are restricted to life near the ground because they lack vascular system. Only with a vascular system can these trees transport sugars, nutrients, and water up and down their tall trunks. The evoluti ...
... The trees tower in the sky, while the mosses carpet the forest floor. Mosses, like the first plants, are restricted to life near the ground because they lack vascular system. Only with a vascular system can these trees transport sugars, nutrients, and water up and down their tall trunks. The evoluti ...
CHAPTER 6
... 19.9 – Can Any Organisms Use Acetate as Their Sole Carbon Source? • Plant and some bacteria can use acetate as the only source of carbon for all the carbon compounds • plants and some bacteria employ a modification of the TCA cycle called the glyoxylate cycle to produce four-carbon compounds from a ...
... 19.9 – Can Any Organisms Use Acetate as Their Sole Carbon Source? • Plant and some bacteria can use acetate as the only source of carbon for all the carbon compounds • plants and some bacteria employ a modification of the TCA cycle called the glyoxylate cycle to produce four-carbon compounds from a ...
Nucleotides
... • Energy transduction: ATP for muscle contraction and ion transport. • Control reactions: GDP GTP of G-proteins. • Control of metabolism: cAMP, ADP/ATP ratio, enzyme phosphorylation. • Constituents of other small molecules: NADH, FAD, CoA, etc. ...
... • Energy transduction: ATP for muscle contraction and ion transport. • Control reactions: GDP GTP of G-proteins. • Control of metabolism: cAMP, ADP/ATP ratio, enzyme phosphorylation. • Constituents of other small molecules: NADH, FAD, CoA, etc. ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... sources to perform their many tasks—for example, assembling polymers, pumping substances across membranes, moving, and reproducing. The chimpanzee in Figure 9.1 obtains energy for its cells by eating plants; some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants. The energy stored in the organic molec ...
... sources to perform their many tasks—for example, assembling polymers, pumping substances across membranes, moving, and reproducing. The chimpanzee in Figure 9.1 obtains energy for its cells by eating plants; some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants. The energy stored in the organic molec ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... sources to perform their many tasks—for example, assembling polymers, pumping substances across membranes, moving, and reproducing. The chimpanzee in Figure 9.1 obtains energy for its cells by eating plants; some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants. The energy stored in the organic molec ...
... sources to perform their many tasks—for example, assembling polymers, pumping substances across membranes, moving, and reproducing. The chimpanzee in Figure 9.1 obtains energy for its cells by eating plants; some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants. The energy stored in the organic molec ...
Plant Physiology
... rice plants displayed higher starch content than wildtype plants grown under both well-watered and waterstress conditions (Fig. 2B; Peleg et al., 2011). Despite the increase in amylolytic activity found in wild-type plants with the stress, no significant differences were found in amylolytic activity ...
... rice plants displayed higher starch content than wildtype plants grown under both well-watered and waterstress conditions (Fig. 2B; Peleg et al., 2011). Despite the increase in amylolytic activity found in wild-type plants with the stress, no significant differences were found in amylolytic activity ...
3.0 Properties of Phosgene
... can occur in the pipeline without oxygen. At temperatures above 250oF, chlorine will start reacting with steel, weakening the piping and vessels. At 483oF, chlorine will ignite iron and produce a fire. Detection of these impurity generated reactions can be noticed by a rapid rise in the temperature ...
... can occur in the pipeline without oxygen. At temperatures above 250oF, chlorine will start reacting with steel, weakening the piping and vessels. At 483oF, chlorine will ignite iron and produce a fire. Detection of these impurity generated reactions can be noticed by a rapid rise in the temperature ...
PL05_Glucdisp
... into ‘gluconeogenic’ precursors – Can’t make glucose from acetyl-CoA – No way of going back once the PDH reaction has happened – Key watershed between carbohydrate and fat ...
... into ‘gluconeogenic’ precursors – Can’t make glucose from acetyl-CoA – No way of going back once the PDH reaction has happened – Key watershed between carbohydrate and fat ...
File - myrnafoxsciencespot
... Ah yes, remember also that the energy conversions of cellular respiration are not 100%, some energy is lost ...
... Ah yes, remember also that the energy conversions of cellular respiration are not 100%, some energy is lost ...
The Central Role of Acetyl-CoA
... or a gland in one part of the body that transmit messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. • Important hormones in human metabolism include: o Ghrelin - the hunger-stimulating hormone o Leptin - the satiety (full-feeling) hormone o Glucagon - the stored glucose releasing hormone o I ...
... or a gland in one part of the body that transmit messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. • Important hormones in human metabolism include: o Ghrelin - the hunger-stimulating hormone o Leptin - the satiety (full-feeling) hormone o Glucagon - the stored glucose releasing hormone o I ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.