10 Translocation in the Phloem Chapter
... between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (small) veins of the leaf. They are also thought to tak ...
... between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (small) veins of the leaf. They are also thought to tak ...
Campbell`s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An
... A) They combine molecules into more energy-rich molecules. B) They supply energy, primarily in the form of ATP, for the cell's work. C) They are endergonic. D) They are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis. E) They build up complex molecules such as protein from simpler compounds. Answer: B ...
... A) They combine molecules into more energy-rich molecules. B) They supply energy, primarily in the form of ATP, for the cell's work. C) They are endergonic. D) They are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis. E) They build up complex molecules such as protein from simpler compounds. Answer: B ...
Evolution of Primitive Land Plants: A Review
... There are alternative hypotheses on the phylogeny of extant bryophytes: one, bryophytes are monophyletic and derived from a common ancestor, from which vascular plants are diverged prior to diversification of living members of bryophytes. Second, vascular plants were branched from one of the three g ...
... There are alternative hypotheses on the phylogeny of extant bryophytes: one, bryophytes are monophyletic and derived from a common ancestor, from which vascular plants are diverged prior to diversification of living members of bryophytes. Second, vascular plants were branched from one of the three g ...
red algae
... cellulose). At least 10 gigatons of chitin are synthesized and degraded each year in the biosphere. Chitin is translucent, pliable, resilient and quite tough. In arthropods, however, it is often modified, becoming embedded in a hardened proteinaceous matrix, which forms much of the exoskeleton. In i ...
... cellulose). At least 10 gigatons of chitin are synthesized and degraded each year in the biosphere. Chitin is translucent, pliable, resilient and quite tough. In arthropods, however, it is often modified, becoming embedded in a hardened proteinaceous matrix, which forms much of the exoskeleton. In i ...
Lesson Overview
... takes a large amount of heat energy to cause those molecules to move faster and raise the temperature of the water. Water’s heat capacity, the amount of heat energy required to increase its temperature, is relatively high. Large bodies of water, such as oceans and lakes, can absorb large amounts of ...
... takes a large amount of heat energy to cause those molecules to move faster and raise the temperature of the water. Water’s heat capacity, the amount of heat energy required to increase its temperature, is relatively high. Large bodies of water, such as oceans and lakes, can absorb large amounts of ...
Russell, M.J. and Hall, A.J. 2006.
... convection in the oceanic crust, was resolved by the onset of life. We suggest that this chemosynthetic life emerged within hydrothermal mounds produced by alkaline solutions of moderate temperature in the relative safety of the deep ocean floor. Exothermic reaction between hydrothermal H2, HCOO - a ...
... convection in the oceanic crust, was resolved by the onset of life. We suggest that this chemosynthetic life emerged within hydrothermal mounds produced by alkaline solutions of moderate temperature in the relative safety of the deep ocean floor. Exothermic reaction between hydrothermal H2, HCOO - a ...
Chemistry: An Introduction for Medical and Health Sciences - E
... in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, withou ...
... in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, withou ...
Lipid Breakdown - Rose
... mitochondrial inner membrane, but instead uses a short chain of soluble electron carriers to donate electrons from its FADH2 cofactor to coenzyme Q. Most organisms contain multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase enzymes. Although each isozyme catalyzes essentially identical reactions, the isozymes differ so ...
... mitochondrial inner membrane, but instead uses a short chain of soluble electron carriers to donate electrons from its FADH2 cofactor to coenzyme Q. Most organisms contain multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase enzymes. Although each isozyme catalyzes essentially identical reactions, the isozymes differ so ...
Biochemistry The Citric Acid Cycle Chapter 17:
... The Citric Acid Cycle • Glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules • Aerobic metabolism of glucose → CO2 gives more ATP • Main part called the citric acid cycle – Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle – Krebs cycle ...
... The Citric Acid Cycle • Glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules • Aerobic metabolism of glucose → CO2 gives more ATP • Main part called the citric acid cycle – Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle – Krebs cycle ...
Chapter 5
... with most muscles: the lactate is carried by the blood from the muscle cells to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose. Thus, although lactate is formed at high rates when muscles are overworked and become fatigued, it is not directly the cause of muscle fatigue. As oxygen availability cann ...
... with most muscles: the lactate is carried by the blood from the muscle cells to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose. Thus, although lactate is formed at high rates when muscles are overworked and become fatigued, it is not directly the cause of muscle fatigue. As oxygen availability cann ...
SED221 - National Open University of Nigeria
... vascular plants such as gymnosperms (pine trees) and angiosperms, flowerproducing plants such as roses, corn, cactuses and elms (Starr 2000). Flowering plant life cycles extend from germination to seed formation, then death. Three types of cycles are known, viz: ...
... vascular plants such as gymnosperms (pine trees) and angiosperms, flowerproducing plants such as roses, corn, cactuses and elms (Starr 2000). Flowering plant life cycles extend from germination to seed formation, then death. Three types of cycles are known, viz: ...
Enzymes - HKEdCity
... 3. An enzyme changes the rate only at which chemical equilibrium is reached; it does not affect the position of the equilibrium. 4. An enzyme speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. 5. It works rapidly and therefore is required in small quantity. 6. It is soluble in ...
... 3. An enzyme changes the rate only at which chemical equilibrium is reached; it does not affect the position of the equilibrium. 4. An enzyme speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. 5. It works rapidly and therefore is required in small quantity. 6. It is soluble in ...
Energy Metabolism - Georgia Institute of Technology
... • Acetyl-CoA – Pyruvate import to mitocondria – ~15 more ATP per pyruvate ...
... • Acetyl-CoA – Pyruvate import to mitocondria – ~15 more ATP per pyruvate ...
(TCA) cycle
... (2) When more ATP is needed with the accumulation of AMP and ADP Phosphorylation to induce flux through the glyoxylate cycle (1) When NADPH accumulates, isocitrate is directed toward the glyoxylate cycle. The TCA cycle is controlled by citrate synthase activity. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activi ...
... (2) When more ATP is needed with the accumulation of AMP and ADP Phosphorylation to induce flux through the glyoxylate cycle (1) When NADPH accumulates, isocitrate is directed toward the glyoxylate cycle. The TCA cycle is controlled by citrate synthase activity. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activi ...
biologically important isotope hybrid
... are intimately connected, probably by the agency of a phenylalanine hydroxylase. Figure 9 illustrates the pmr spectrum of 2H-cytochrome c ('H-leucine) in the oxidized form. In comparison to the spectra of Figure 1, a very simple pattern indeed is obtained. Three methyl groups (tentative assignment) ...
... are intimately connected, probably by the agency of a phenylalanine hydroxylase. Figure 9 illustrates the pmr spectrum of 2H-cytochrome c ('H-leucine) in the oxidized form. In comparison to the spectra of Figure 1, a very simple pattern indeed is obtained. Three methyl groups (tentative assignment) ...
Animating the Carbon Cycle - University of California, Santa Cruz
... (b) the order of magnitude lower biomass representation of animals in ecosystems relative to plants and microbes means that they can only have a minor effect on whole ecosystem metabolism (production, elemental cycling, and respiration). Finally, it results from the difficulty in modeling animal eff ...
... (b) the order of magnitude lower biomass representation of animals in ecosystems relative to plants and microbes means that they can only have a minor effect on whole ecosystem metabolism (production, elemental cycling, and respiration). Finally, it results from the difficulty in modeling animal eff ...
Cellular Respiration Webquest
... Go to: Biology in Motion. Read & complete the activity. (http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html) 1. What is ATP? ...
... Go to: Biology in Motion. Read & complete the activity. (http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html) 1. What is ATP? ...
View - Ministry of Education, Guyana
... yeasts, and moulds as well as the pathogenic forms which cause athlete’s foot, potato blight, ringworm and dry rot. Most fungi are multicellular as is the bread mould. These are usually filamentous, composed of strands called hyphae. The hyphae are clustered together to form a mycelium. Fungi reprod ...
... yeasts, and moulds as well as the pathogenic forms which cause athlete’s foot, potato blight, ringworm and dry rot. Most fungi are multicellular as is the bread mould. These are usually filamentous, composed of strands called hyphae. The hyphae are clustered together to form a mycelium. Fungi reprod ...
Animating the Carbon Cycle - University of California, Santa Cruz
... (b) the order of magnitude lower biomass representation of animals in ecosystems relative to plants and microbes means that they can only have a minor effect on whole ecosystem metabolism (production, elemental cycling, and respiration). Finally, it results from the difficulty in modeling animal eff ...
... (b) the order of magnitude lower biomass representation of animals in ecosystems relative to plants and microbes means that they can only have a minor effect on whole ecosystem metabolism (production, elemental cycling, and respiration). Finally, it results from the difficulty in modeling animal eff ...
Practice Biochem Test
... b. They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. c. They generally solidify at room temperature. d. They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats having the same number of ...
... b. They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. c. They generally solidify at room temperature. d. They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats having the same number of ...
Artistic and Historical Monuments: Threatened Ecosystems
... hollows as they fall; this effect is called pitting. The small holes, measuring 0.2 –2 mm across, are a typical weak spot for chemical aggressions, such as the solution of calcium carbonate in water or the penetration of pollutants. Little was known of these organisms before the studies carried out ...
... hollows as they fall; this effect is called pitting. The small holes, measuring 0.2 –2 mm across, are a typical weak spot for chemical aggressions, such as the solution of calcium carbonate in water or the penetration of pollutants. Little was known of these organisms before the studies carried out ...
Monday 10-1 Lecture 1 Q: Thanks for podcasting How can one not
... Although there there might be “tricky” ways to make it difficult for people to recognize a structure (like adding an extra –CH2- to the lysine (K) chain, or making proline with a four membered ring), I can promise you I will NEVER do such things. I am not about TRICKY test questions. Hate that. But ...
... Although there there might be “tricky” ways to make it difficult for people to recognize a structure (like adding an extra –CH2- to the lysine (K) chain, or making proline with a four membered ring), I can promise you I will NEVER do such things. I am not about TRICKY test questions. Hate that. But ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.