12-Glycolysis2016-11-15 13:225.6 MB
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
Bil 255 – CMB
... “Beta-Oxidation Cycle” Four steps for these dehydrogenase enzymes... a) dehydrogenation w FAD --> FADH2 b) hydration - addition of water c) dehydration w NAD --> NADH ...
... “Beta-Oxidation Cycle” Four steps for these dehydrogenase enzymes... a) dehydrogenation w FAD --> FADH2 b) hydration - addition of water c) dehydration w NAD --> NADH ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Why is gluconeogenesis not just the reverse of glycolysis? The reverse of glycolysis is 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H20 a glucose +2ADP +2Pi + 2 NAD + (DG = +74 kJ/mol) This is thermodynamically unfavorable, so energetically unfavorable steps in the reverse glyolysis reaction are replaced a ...
... Why is gluconeogenesis not just the reverse of glycolysis? The reverse of glycolysis is 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H20 a glucose +2ADP +2Pi + 2 NAD + (DG = +74 kJ/mol) This is thermodynamically unfavorable, so energetically unfavorable steps in the reverse glyolysis reaction are replaced a ...
Medical Biochemistry Review #2 By
... oxaloacetate (OAA) to malate while oxidizing NADH to NAD+. – Malate then enters the mitochondria where the reverse reaction is carried out by mitochondrial MDH – mitochondrial OAA goes to the cytoplasm to maintain this cycle ; must be transaminated to aspartate (Asp) with the amino group being donat ...
... oxaloacetate (OAA) to malate while oxidizing NADH to NAD+. – Malate then enters the mitochondria where the reverse reaction is carried out by mitochondrial MDH – mitochondrial OAA goes to the cytoplasm to maintain this cycle ; must be transaminated to aspartate (Asp) with the amino group being donat ...
3 hours - The University of Winnipeg
... Question 8. The transportation of ATP out of the mitochondrial matrix and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix is energetically ‘driven’ by... a. the mitochondrial electochemical proton gradient b. the Na+ gradient c. the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi d. the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP and PPi e. n ...
... Question 8. The transportation of ATP out of the mitochondrial matrix and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix is energetically ‘driven’ by... a. the mitochondrial electochemical proton gradient b. the Na+ gradient c. the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi d. the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP and PPi e. n ...
27. GE_7.27 Gluconeo.. - College of Pharmacy at Howard University
... In animals and vascular plants, glucose has three major fates: 1. It may be stored (as a polysaccharide or as sucrose); 2. Oxidized to a three-carbon compound (pyruvate) via glycolysis to provide ATP and metabolic intermediates; 3. Or oxidized via the pentose phosphate (phosphogluconate) pathway to ...
... In animals and vascular plants, glucose has three major fates: 1. It may be stored (as a polysaccharide or as sucrose); 2. Oxidized to a three-carbon compound (pyruvate) via glycolysis to provide ATP and metabolic intermediates; 3. Or oxidized via the pentose phosphate (phosphogluconate) pathway to ...
Metabolismo dos aminoácidos e proteínas. II. Anabolismo
... - The maize gdh1-null mutant exhibits about 5% of the total GDH enzyme activity of wildtype plants. Although this mutant exhibits a slightly reduced total rate of 15NH4+ assimilation, when methionine sulfoximine (MSX), a potent inhibitor of GS is supplied, this completely blocks 15NH4+ assimilation ...
... - The maize gdh1-null mutant exhibits about 5% of the total GDH enzyme activity of wildtype plants. Although this mutant exhibits a slightly reduced total rate of 15NH4+ assimilation, when methionine sulfoximine (MSX), a potent inhibitor of GS is supplied, this completely blocks 15NH4+ assimilation ...
Answers to Problems in Text - pdf
... but fewer electrons are repelling each other. Consequently, the positive nucleus attracts the remaining elections more strongly causing the electrons to contract more toward the ...
... but fewer electrons are repelling each other. Consequently, the positive nucleus attracts the remaining elections more strongly causing the electrons to contract more toward the ...
Chapter 9: Pathways that Harvest Chemical
... energy as heat and light. In cells, fuel molecules release chemical energy that is used to make ATP, which in turn drives endergonic reactions. ATP is central to the energy transformations of all living organisms. Photosynthetic organisms use energy from sunlight to synthesize their own fuels, as we ...
... energy as heat and light. In cells, fuel molecules release chemical energy that is used to make ATP, which in turn drives endergonic reactions. ATP is central to the energy transformations of all living organisms. Photosynthetic organisms use energy from sunlight to synthesize their own fuels, as we ...
Biology GuideBook
... On which axis would you graph the dependent variable? What is meant by the independent Variable? On which axis would you graph the independent variable? If you were measuring the growth rate of plants under full sunlight for 8 hours a day versus plants that only have 4 hours of full sunligh ...
... On which axis would you graph the dependent variable? What is meant by the independent Variable? On which axis would you graph the independent variable? If you were measuring the growth rate of plants under full sunlight for 8 hours a day versus plants that only have 4 hours of full sunligh ...
Calculation of Biochemical Net Reactions and Pathways by Using
... The section on the mathematics of pathways describes three levels of thermodynamic treatment. The previous section was at Level 2, and in this section Level 3 is used. The advantage of using Level 3 is that the number of reactants is reduced. In this case ATP, ADP, Pi, NADox , and NADred, are remove ...
... The section on the mathematics of pathways describes three levels of thermodynamic treatment. The previous section was at Level 2, and in this section Level 3 is used. The advantage of using Level 3 is that the number of reactants is reduced. In this case ATP, ADP, Pi, NADox , and NADred, are remove ...
PRACTICE SET 6 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... PEP), two carbons are lost as CO2 in the two decarboxylating steps of the TCA cycle. Two carbons enter with acetyl CoA, but two carbons are lost in the conversion to malate. Therefore, if this malate is to be used to make glucose, something must be converted to OAA to continue the utilization of ace ...
... PEP), two carbons are lost as CO2 in the two decarboxylating steps of the TCA cycle. Two carbons enter with acetyl CoA, but two carbons are lost in the conversion to malate. Therefore, if this malate is to be used to make glucose, something must be converted to OAA to continue the utilization of ace ...
And the answer is… - Moore Public Schools
... of orange trees, what might the plant specialist conclude about the effectiveness of the new pesticide used in grove B? A. The pesticide is effective only after three months of growth. B. The pesticide does not have any effect on orange production. C. The pesticide used in grove A is more effective ...
... of orange trees, what might the plant specialist conclude about the effectiveness of the new pesticide used in grove B? A. The pesticide is effective only after three months of growth. B. The pesticide does not have any effect on orange production. C. The pesticide used in grove A is more effective ...
Activity 2: How Do Plants Get Food?
... Students are introduced to photosynthesis where plants make their own food (sugars) from water and carbon dioxide. They also talk about whether sunlight is food for plants. They connect the scientific definition of food with food that plants make. ...
... Students are introduced to photosynthesis where plants make their own food (sugars) from water and carbon dioxide. They also talk about whether sunlight is food for plants. They connect the scientific definition of food with food that plants make. ...
Glycolysis
... - two ATP are produced per - thus two ATP used in Phase 1 - substrate level phosphorylationATP production by the direct transfer of phosphate from intermediate ___________________ _____________________________23 ...
... - two ATP are produced per - thus two ATP used in Phase 1 - substrate level phosphorylationATP production by the direct transfer of phosphate from intermediate ___________________ _____________________________23 ...
Fixation of carbon dioxide by chemoautotrophic bacteria
... in 1887 the study of chemo auto trophic organisms has been an interesting, although controversial subject in comparative physiology, bacteriology, and biochemistry. Thlobaclllus thiooxidans. because of its strictly chemoautotrophic nature and its ability to live in a more acid environment than any o ...
... in 1887 the study of chemo auto trophic organisms has been an interesting, although controversial subject in comparative physiology, bacteriology, and biochemistry. Thlobaclllus thiooxidans. because of its strictly chemoautotrophic nature and its ability to live in a more acid environment than any o ...
Metabolism
... • 2 NADH are used to convert 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. • There is a net use of 4 ATP, 2GTP, and 2 NADH. 2C3H3O3- + 4ATP + 2 GTP + 2Pi + 2NADH pyruvate C6H12O6 + 4ADP + 2 GDP + 2NAD+ glucose ...
... • 2 NADH are used to convert 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. • There is a net use of 4 ATP, 2GTP, and 2 NADH. 2C3H3O3- + 4ATP + 2 GTP + 2Pi + 2NADH pyruvate C6H12O6 + 4ADP + 2 GDP + 2NAD+ glucose ...
1 - Free
... 12. write the name of two anaplerotic reactions. 13. what are the two most important products of the penthose phosphate pathway? What are these products used for? 14. write with structures the glugoneogenic reaction that is regulated by fructose 2,6bisphosphate. 15. list the enzymes that are involve ...
... 12. write the name of two anaplerotic reactions. 13. what are the two most important products of the penthose phosphate pathway? What are these products used for? 14. write with structures the glugoneogenic reaction that is regulated by fructose 2,6bisphosphate. 15. list the enzymes that are involve ...
lecture5
... adrenocorticotropic hormone induce lipolysis (Figure 22.6). In contrast, insulin inhibits lipolysis. The released fatty acids are not soluble in blood plasma, and so, on release, serum albumin binds the fatty acids and serves as a carrier. By these means, free fatty acids are made accessible as a fu ...
... adrenocorticotropic hormone induce lipolysis (Figure 22.6). In contrast, insulin inhibits lipolysis. The released fatty acids are not soluble in blood plasma, and so, on release, serum albumin binds the fatty acids and serves as a carrier. By these means, free fatty acids are made accessible as a fu ...
The intertwined metabolism of Medicago truncatula and its nitrogen
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Aug. 2, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/067348. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Aug. 2, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/067348. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. ...
biology final
... shows where the statements in the old specification are covered in the new spec, indicates where they are no longer assessed and highlights where new content has been added. ...
... shows where the statements in the old specification are covered in the new spec, indicates where they are no longer assessed and highlights where new content has been added. ...
Electron tomography of plant thylakoid membranes
... understood. Electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET) is a powerful new technique for visualizing cellular structures, especially membranes, in three dimensions. By this technique, large membrane protein complexes, such as the photosystem II supercomplex or the chloroplast ATP synthase, can be visualized d ...
... understood. Electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET) is a powerful new technique for visualizing cellular structures, especially membranes, in three dimensions. By this technique, large membrane protein complexes, such as the photosystem II supercomplex or the chloroplast ATP synthase, can be visualized d ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.