carbohydrate metabolism
... • Vigorously contracting skeletal muscle - function anaerobically, the pyruvate cannot be oxidized further due to lack of oxygen • So, pyruvate is reduced to lactate • Certain tissues & cells (retina, brain, RBCs) convert glucose to lactate even under aerobic conditions (as these don’t have mitochon ...
... • Vigorously contracting skeletal muscle - function anaerobically, the pyruvate cannot be oxidized further due to lack of oxygen • So, pyruvate is reduced to lactate • Certain tissues & cells (retina, brain, RBCs) convert glucose to lactate even under aerobic conditions (as these don’t have mitochon ...
Lecture 7
... b The second stage, the Krebs cycle and a few steps before it, occurs inside mitochondria. The 2 pyruvates are broken down to CO2, which leaves the cell. During the reactions, 8 NAD+ and 2 FAD pick up electrons and hydrogen atoms, so 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 form. 2 ATP also form. c The third and final st ...
... b The second stage, the Krebs cycle and a few steps before it, occurs inside mitochondria. The 2 pyruvates are broken down to CO2, which leaves the cell. During the reactions, 8 NAD+ and 2 FAD pick up electrons and hydrogen atoms, so 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 form. 2 ATP also form. c The third and final st ...
Electron Transport and oxidative phosphorylation (ATP Synthesis)
... Cytochrome oxidase passes electrons from cytochrome c through a series of heme groups and Cu ions to O2, reducing it to H2O (end product) and pumping one proton into the intermembrane space for each e- ...
... Cytochrome oxidase passes electrons from cytochrome c through a series of heme groups and Cu ions to O2, reducing it to H2O (end product) and pumping one proton into the intermembrane space for each e- ...
Respiratory system outcomes option #3 - Kevan Kruger
... ___ 5. What happens to the Medulla Oblongata when it is notified that the lungs are full? L.O. L – 7 Internal and External Respiration ___ 1. Internal Respiration has CO2 diffuses into the blood and joins with what molecule? ___ 2. These two molecules join together to make what? ___ 3. What enzyme r ...
... ___ 5. What happens to the Medulla Oblongata when it is notified that the lungs are full? L.O. L – 7 Internal and External Respiration ___ 1. Internal Respiration has CO2 diffuses into the blood and joins with what molecule? ___ 2. These two molecules join together to make what? ___ 3. What enzyme r ...
Tuesday 13th May 2014 What is eutrophication?
... What is eutrophication? Match up the chemical with the use: Fertiliser ...
... What is eutrophication? Match up the chemical with the use: Fertiliser ...
Ecology
... Describe how water cycles through the biosphere Explain why nutrients are important to living things Describe how the availability of nutrients affects the productivity of ecosystems ...
... Describe how water cycles through the biosphere Explain why nutrients are important to living things Describe how the availability of nutrients affects the productivity of ecosystems ...
ABG’s
... • Need to get rid of CO2 a waste product • Enzymes need pH 7.35 to 7.45 for optimal working ...
... • Need to get rid of CO2 a waste product • Enzymes need pH 7.35 to 7.45 for optimal working ...
Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life
... Mosses and liverworts Transport: no xylem and phloem, must use osmosis and diffusion Respiration: gas exchange through diffusion Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and make sugars and other macromolecules ...
... Mosses and liverworts Transport: no xylem and phloem, must use osmosis and diffusion Respiration: gas exchange through diffusion Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and make sugars and other macromolecules ...
Plants
... a. Plants have structures for defense that protect them from threats and without these defenses the plant might die. b. Examples: i. Thorns that can defend the plant from being eaten by animals ii. Fruits and leaves with poisons so that they are not being eaten iii. Thigmotropism: the ability to clo ...
... a. Plants have structures for defense that protect them from threats and without these defenses the plant might die. b. Examples: i. Thorns that can defend the plant from being eaten by animals ii. Fruits and leaves with poisons so that they are not being eaten iii. Thigmotropism: the ability to clo ...
Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life
... Mosses and liverworts Transport: no xylem and phloem, must use osmosis and diffusion Respiration: gas exchange through diffusion Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and make sugars and other macromolecules ...
... Mosses and liverworts Transport: no xylem and phloem, must use osmosis and diffusion Respiration: gas exchange through diffusion Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and make sugars and other macromolecules ...
Lesson 8 Ecology Worksheet from SI
... ______contains marsh grasses and tide resistant plants ______most often used for farmland due to rich soils ______coldest of all regions ______contains the most amount of biomass (living things) ...
... ______contains marsh grasses and tide resistant plants ______most often used for farmland due to rich soils ______coldest of all regions ______contains the most amount of biomass (living things) ...
Fermentation Quiz
... 10. What is the net gain in ATP molecules produced during the reactions of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? a) 0 b) 2 c) 4 d) 6 ...
... 10. What is the net gain in ATP molecules produced during the reactions of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? a) 0 b) 2 c) 4 d) 6 ...
Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive
... Chemical formula = [CH2O]N (multiples of CH2O) e.g., C6H12O6 = glucose Carbohydrates have many functions Structural components of molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA), cells and tissues o ...
... Chemical formula = [CH2O]N (multiples of CH2O) e.g., C6H12O6 = glucose Carbohydrates have many functions Structural components of molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA), cells and tissues o ...
1.4.6 Energy Flow
... Plants catch the energy and change it into sugars. The plants are then eaten by consumers. These consumers get around 10% of the energy from the plant. If these consumers are eaten they pass on about 10% of their energy. Food chains can only be a certain length as the energy eventually runs out. ...
... Plants catch the energy and change it into sugars. The plants are then eaten by consumers. These consumers get around 10% of the energy from the plant. If these consumers are eaten they pass on about 10% of their energy. Food chains can only be a certain length as the energy eventually runs out. ...
Seeds, Stems, and Students - Green Bay Botanical Garden
... Using small plants, or plants that have sprouted from Pre-Visit Activity 2, try some simple experiments. Ask students what the new plants will need to grow? (water, sunlight, soil, air). Need for Light Experiment – Find several large cardboard boxes that have a lid or can be closed (the kind that th ...
... Using small plants, or plants that have sprouted from Pre-Visit Activity 2, try some simple experiments. Ask students what the new plants will need to grow? (water, sunlight, soil, air). Need for Light Experiment – Find several large cardboard boxes that have a lid or can be closed (the kind that th ...
Microbial Metabolism
... • Electrons move along the chain • Via oxidation-reduction reactions • Energy is released at each step ...
... • Electrons move along the chain • Via oxidation-reduction reactions • Energy is released at each step ...
A. The Respiratory Cycle
... (1) Partial pressures for each gas in the atmosphere can be calculated; for example, oxygen's is 160 mm Hg. (2) Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse down pressure gradients from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure. (3) Diffusion will occur across a respiratory surface if it ...
... (1) Partial pressures for each gas in the atmosphere can be calculated; for example, oxygen's is 160 mm Hg. (2) Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse down pressure gradients from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure. (3) Diffusion will occur across a respiratory surface if it ...
biol-1406_ch3.ppt
... • Each carbon can form up to four bonds (single(2 electrons), double, or triple) and rings • Carbon makes bonds mostly with H, N, and O in living systems • Biomolecules are large and contain “functional groups” attached to the carbon backbone. • Functional groups in organic molecules confer chemical ...
... • Each carbon can form up to four bonds (single(2 electrons), double, or triple) and rings • Carbon makes bonds mostly with H, N, and O in living systems • Biomolecules are large and contain “functional groups” attached to the carbon backbone. • Functional groups in organic molecules confer chemical ...
Document
... In any ecosystem, organisms obtain the matter that they need to build their organic substance from other organisms and from their surroundings. Ex. Nutrients in the green grass pass to the cow that eats the grass. The cycle continues until the last consumer dies. Detritivores return the nutrients to ...
... In any ecosystem, organisms obtain the matter that they need to build their organic substance from other organisms and from their surroundings. Ex. Nutrients in the green grass pass to the cow that eats the grass. The cycle continues until the last consumer dies. Detritivores return the nutrients to ...
Types of Organic compounds
... molecules have one carbonyl group, in addition to hydroxyl groups on the other carbon atoms. – Aldehyde groups, where the C=O group is at the end of an organic molecule. A hydrogen atom is also located on the same carbon atom. – Keto groups, where the C=O group is located within an organic molecule. ...
... molecules have one carbonyl group, in addition to hydroxyl groups on the other carbon atoms. – Aldehyde groups, where the C=O group is at the end of an organic molecule. A hydrogen atom is also located on the same carbon atom. – Keto groups, where the C=O group is located within an organic molecule. ...
CHAPTER-III CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
... Glycolysis (from glycose, an older termfor glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinami ...
... Glycolysis (from glycose, an older termfor glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinami ...
flowering plants - VCE
... Adapted to live in either partially or fully submerged in water. Thin cuticle Stomata mainly on upper surface particularly if water lilly… Large air spaces in spongy mesophyll allow storage of gases and make leaf lighter. ...
... Adapted to live in either partially or fully submerged in water. Thin cuticle Stomata mainly on upper surface particularly if water lilly… Large air spaces in spongy mesophyll allow storage of gases and make leaf lighter. ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.