Lecture 8. Biogeochemical Cycles
... emerged because nitrogen was a limiting element for microbial growth. Although molecular nitrogen was abundant in the atmosphere, microbial cells could not directly utilize nitrogen as N2 gas. Cells require organic nitrogen compounds or reduced inorganic forms of nitrogen for growth. Therefore, unde ...
... emerged because nitrogen was a limiting element for microbial growth. Although molecular nitrogen was abundant in the atmosphere, microbial cells could not directly utilize nitrogen as N2 gas. Cells require organic nitrogen compounds or reduced inorganic forms of nitrogen for growth. Therefore, unde ...
Learning Objectives
... 4. Describe how prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration when they lack compartmentalized organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. 5. Explain why prokaryotes are unable to grow in very salty or sugary foods, such as cured meats or jam. 6. State the function(s) of each o ...
... 4. Describe how prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration when they lack compartmentalized organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. 5. Explain why prokaryotes are unable to grow in very salty or sugary foods, such as cured meats or jam. 6. State the function(s) of each o ...
Chapter 18
... Sexual reproduction: requires the union of 2 cells so that genetic information from each cell is combined. *Accomplished by the biological process meiosis. o Advantages: offspring will be different from its parents (variation) which allows species to adapt to its surroundings. o Disadvantages: usual ...
... Sexual reproduction: requires the union of 2 cells so that genetic information from each cell is combined. *Accomplished by the biological process meiosis. o Advantages: offspring will be different from its parents (variation) which allows species to adapt to its surroundings. o Disadvantages: usual ...
Exam 3
... 21. Inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase leads to a buildup of ____________________, which acts as an inhibitor of glycolysis. 22. The conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is a major ______________________ reaction, which fills up the citric acid cycle intermediates depleted by anabolism. 23. Ma ...
... 21. Inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase leads to a buildup of ____________________, which acts as an inhibitor of glycolysis. 22. The conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is a major ______________________ reaction, which fills up the citric acid cycle intermediates depleted by anabolism. 23. Ma ...
Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
... • Every population is part of a community. • The most obvious difference between communities is the types of species they have. ...
... • Every population is part of a community. • The most obvious difference between communities is the types of species they have. ...
themes and objectives
... Thoroughly discuss the role of antibiotics in fighting bacterial infections and how bacteria counter this through resistance. ...
... Thoroughly discuss the role of antibiotics in fighting bacterial infections and how bacteria counter this through resistance. ...
Bioenergetics Free Energy Change
... • R-CH=O ÅÆ R=C-OH. The enol form can form an ester linkage with a phosphate; this kind of a bond is called as an enoyl phosphate bond. Hydrolysis of this bond has a highly negative change in free energy. specific example: an intermediate of glycolysis. ...
... • R-CH=O ÅÆ R=C-OH. The enol form can form an ester linkage with a phosphate; this kind of a bond is called as an enoyl phosphate bond. Hydrolysis of this bond has a highly negative change in free energy. specific example: an intermediate of glycolysis. ...
Cellular Respiration
... for cellular work • 6 CO2 are released • Raw materials for electron transport system: • 10 NADH • 2 FADH2 ...
... for cellular work • 6 CO2 are released • Raw materials for electron transport system: • 10 NADH • 2 FADH2 ...
Basic Ecology Notes
... Population-a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed and compete with each other for resources (ex. food, mates, shelter) ...
... Population-a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed and compete with each other for resources (ex. food, mates, shelter) ...
acetyl-CoA - Winona State University
... Remember that a negative Delta G can help drive a reaction with a positive value if there is “No Membrane In Between”. This is why Delta G from the reactions in the mitochondria cannot help to drive the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol. Although molecules such as pyruvate can “carry” the ener ...
... Remember that a negative Delta G can help drive a reaction with a positive value if there is “No Membrane In Between”. This is why Delta G from the reactions in the mitochondria cannot help to drive the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol. Although molecules such as pyruvate can “carry” the ener ...
Primary Succession
... Photosynthesis and respiration cycle carbon and oxygen through the environment. ...
... Photosynthesis and respiration cycle carbon and oxygen through the environment. ...
Microbial Metabolism
... Without NAD+, Glycolysis or E-DP won’t proceed, i.e. no source of ATP! Fermentation pathways couple NADH oxidation and pyruvate reduction, or reduction of another endogenous organic. Permits some ATP production; slow growth. ...
... Without NAD+, Glycolysis or E-DP won’t proceed, i.e. no source of ATP! Fermentation pathways couple NADH oxidation and pyruvate reduction, or reduction of another endogenous organic. Permits some ATP production; slow growth. ...
ecology
... Population-a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed and compete with each other for resources (ex. food, mates, shelter) ...
... Population-a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed and compete with each other for resources (ex. food, mates, shelter) ...
ECOLOGY
... • Depends on two main processesPhotosynthesis and Respiration • Remember the equations for both! ...
... • Depends on two main processesPhotosynthesis and Respiration • Remember the equations for both! ...
Final
... absorb very different types of light. __________ Heterocysts are specialized cells in cyanobacteria that are involved in CO2 fixation. __________ Coenzyme A is involved with transfer of carbon atoms, while NAD+ is involved in electron transfer. __________ The net result of proton extrusion through t ...
... absorb very different types of light. __________ Heterocysts are specialized cells in cyanobacteria that are involved in CO2 fixation. __________ Coenzyme A is involved with transfer of carbon atoms, while NAD+ is involved in electron transfer. __________ The net result of proton extrusion through t ...
Macromolecule notes
... - Large molecules formed when many smaller molecules bond together. - They generally form long chain-like molecules. Example: Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose 1. Polymers are created as well as broken apart by two processes! ...
... - Large molecules formed when many smaller molecules bond together. - They generally form long chain-like molecules. Example: Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose 1. Polymers are created as well as broken apart by two processes! ...
5 Metabolism - bloodhounds Incorporated
... – Protein complexes including enzymes and iron-containing proteins called cytochromes ...
... – Protein complexes including enzymes and iron-containing proteins called cytochromes ...
RESPIRATION: SYNTHESIS OF ATP
... of coupled reactions • Carbon (in glucose) is oxidized • ATP is formed from ADP plus phosphate ...
... of coupled reactions • Carbon (in glucose) is oxidized • ATP is formed from ADP plus phosphate ...
Cell Respiration Key
... 2. Fermentation enables cells to make ATP in the absence of Oxygen. 3. For every molecule of glucose consumed, glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and NADH. 4. The products of alcoholic fermentation are alcohol and CO2. 5. Lactic Acid ...
... 2. Fermentation enables cells to make ATP in the absence of Oxygen. 3. For every molecule of glucose consumed, glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and NADH. 4. The products of alcoholic fermentation are alcohol and CO2. 5. Lactic Acid ...
Step 2: Pyruvate Oxidation
... • Happens in the cytoplasm • Does not require oxygen (anaerobic) • Inefficient (net 2 ATP produced) ...
... • Happens in the cytoplasm • Does not require oxygen (anaerobic) • Inefficient (net 2 ATP produced) ...
Interactions in the Ecosystem
... - Recycle dead organic matter into inorganic nutrients - Use by soil. -Bacteria and Fungi and worms ...
... - Recycle dead organic matter into inorganic nutrients - Use by soil. -Bacteria and Fungi and worms ...
Ecology 2 - I Teach Bio
... termites have one-celled organisms in their intestinal tracts. These unicellular organisms help the termites digest their food. The tiny organisms are helped because they gain a place to live and plenty of food , and the termites can make use of a food supply that they would not be able to digest wi ...
... termites have one-celled organisms in their intestinal tracts. These unicellular organisms help the termites digest their food. The tiny organisms are helped because they gain a place to live and plenty of food , and the termites can make use of a food supply that they would not be able to digest wi ...
Unit 2 Study Guide: Carbon Compounds
... 19. I can explain the role of enzymes and other proteins (e.g., hemoglobin, digestion, hormones) in biochemical functions. ...
... 19. I can explain the role of enzymes and other proteins (e.g., hemoglobin, digestion, hormones) in biochemical functions. ...
Notes
... A substance that is reduced acts as an _________________________ agent, while a substance that is oxidized acts as a _________________________ agent. Practice: Indicate the oxidizing and reducing agents in each of the following reactions. Assign oxidation numbers to all atoms in the equation. For ea ...
... A substance that is reduced acts as an _________________________ agent, while a substance that is oxidized acts as a _________________________ agent. Practice: Indicate the oxidizing and reducing agents in each of the following reactions. Assign oxidation numbers to all atoms in the equation. For ea ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)