146/18 = 8.1 ATP/carbon Atom. For Lauric acid
... (b) Pyruvate to acetyl CoA: six ATPs are produced in this step, as each pyruvate yields one NADH for a total of two with each one yielding 3 ATPs when the NADH is reoxidized by the electron transport chain. (c) Glucose to carbon dioxide and water: Table 28.1 shows how 36 ATP molecules are produced f ...
... (b) Pyruvate to acetyl CoA: six ATPs are produced in this step, as each pyruvate yields one NADH for a total of two with each one yielding 3 ATPs when the NADH is reoxidized by the electron transport chain. (c) Glucose to carbon dioxide and water: Table 28.1 shows how 36 ATP molecules are produced f ...
Proteolytic Degradation of Hemoglobin in the Intestine of the Human
... Na-APR-1 toward the fluorogenic substrate 7-methoxycoumarin4-acetyl-GKPILF2FRLK(DNP)-D-Arg-amide (MoCAc-GKPILFFRLK; Sigma) (2 represents the site where the peptide is cleaved) [22] was assayed in a FLUOstar Optima microplate reader (BMG Labtech) at 37°C. Rates of hydrolysis were recorded by monitori ...
... Na-APR-1 toward the fluorogenic substrate 7-methoxycoumarin4-acetyl-GKPILF2FRLK(DNP)-D-Arg-amide (MoCAc-GKPILFFRLK; Sigma) (2 represents the site where the peptide is cleaved) [22] was assayed in a FLUOstar Optima microplate reader (BMG Labtech) at 37°C. Rates of hydrolysis were recorded by monitori ...
role of the proteolytic enzymes in the living organisms - IJIIT
... known to remove the N-terminal Met that may be found in heterologously expressed proteins, but not in many naturally occurring mature proteins. Aminopeptidases are usually metalloenzymes. Nevertheless, there have been a few attempts to study the role of metal ions in catalysis by insect midgut enzym ...
... known to remove the N-terminal Met that may be found in heterologously expressed proteins, but not in many naturally occurring mature proteins. Aminopeptidases are usually metalloenzymes. Nevertheless, there have been a few attempts to study the role of metal ions in catalysis by insect midgut enzym ...
nutrition, metabolism, and body temperature
... 2005 because they wanted to do a better job of telling Americans how to be healthy. The agency later released a special version for kids. Notice the girl climbing the staircase up the side of the pyramid? That's a way of showing kids how important it is to exercise and be active every day. In other ...
... 2005 because they wanted to do a better job of telling Americans how to be healthy. The agency later released a special version for kids. Notice the girl climbing the staircase up the side of the pyramid? That's a way of showing kids how important it is to exercise and be active every day. In other ...
Enzymes
... (3) A process called CATALYSIS happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. (4) The enzyme lets go. Big idea - When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no lon ...
... (3) A process called CATALYSIS happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. (4) The enzyme lets go. Big idea - When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no lon ...
Enzymes - Pearland ISD
... (3) A process called CATALYSIS happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. (4) The enzyme lets go. Big idea - When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no lon ...
... (3) A process called CATALYSIS happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. (4) The enzyme lets go. Big idea - When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no lon ...
Proteins Chapter 7
... are both very digestible and have an essential amino acid pattern closely matching the amino acid requirements of the body. • The food proteins of highest quality are: – Egg—contains the highest quality protein of all foods ...
... are both very digestible and have an essential amino acid pattern closely matching the amino acid requirements of the body. • The food proteins of highest quality are: – Egg—contains the highest quality protein of all foods ...
1 Enzymes: The Biological Catalysts Definition: Enzymes are
... These are compounds which compete with the natural substrate for the biding with the active site of the enzyme, therefore decreasing the catalytic activity of the enzyme, e.g. the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) oxidizes succinic acid to fumaric acid. Addition of malonic acid, which has a chemi ...
... These are compounds which compete with the natural substrate for the biding with the active site of the enzyme, therefore decreasing the catalytic activity of the enzyme, e.g. the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) oxidizes succinic acid to fumaric acid. Addition of malonic acid, which has a chemi ...
2008 VFA Absorption
... Increased VFA production in rumen Decreased rumen pH Greater proportion of VFA in undissociated form Greater size of papillae, number of epithelial cells, and blood flow • Upregulation of transport proteins • Increased VFA metabolism in epithelium – Only because of increased number of epithelial cel ...
... Increased VFA production in rumen Decreased rumen pH Greater proportion of VFA in undissociated form Greater size of papillae, number of epithelial cells, and blood flow • Upregulation of transport proteins • Increased VFA metabolism in epithelium – Only because of increased number of epithelial cel ...
Biochemistry Metabolic pathways - Limes-Institut-Bonn
... Oppositely Directed Metabolic Sequences ...
... Oppositely Directed Metabolic Sequences ...
I. Neurophysiology of Swallowing
... The oral phase of swallow is initiated when the tongue begins posterior movement of the bolus. If the bolus is held in the dipper position (approx 20%) of population), the tongue tip moves forward and lifts the bolus onto the tongue and into the tipper position. In what has been described as a smoot ...
... The oral phase of swallow is initiated when the tongue begins posterior movement of the bolus. If the bolus is held in the dipper position (approx 20%) of population), the tongue tip moves forward and lifts the bolus onto the tongue and into the tipper position. In what has been described as a smoot ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
... • Lipids have several different functions. – broken down as a source of energy – make up cell membranes – used to make hormones ...
... • Lipids have several different functions. – broken down as a source of energy – make up cell membranes – used to make hormones ...
CO-ENZYMES i.
... enzyme bores a tunnel through it so that passage is far quicker and takes much less energy. 3. Enzymes make life on earth possible, all biology from conception to the dissolution that follows death depends on enzymes. 4. Enzymes regulates rate of physiological process. So, defects in enzyme function ...
... enzyme bores a tunnel through it so that passage is far quicker and takes much less energy. 3. Enzymes make life on earth possible, all biology from conception to the dissolution that follows death depends on enzymes. 4. Enzymes regulates rate of physiological process. So, defects in enzyme function ...
Role of Water soluble Vitamins in Food Industry
... diet. Thus, the term is conditional both on the circumstances and on the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animals. Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems but there is little evidence of bene ...
... diet. Thus, the term is conditional both on the circumstances and on the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animals. Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems but there is little evidence of bene ...
5 carbohydrates and the Krebs Cycle
... In absence of oxygen, you would think that you would rapidly run out of NAD+ (because it all gets turned to NADH) However, pyruvate can accept a hydrogen atom from NADH, making more NAD+ (and in the process pyruvate is converted into lactate). ...
... In absence of oxygen, you would think that you would rapidly run out of NAD+ (because it all gets turned to NADH) However, pyruvate can accept a hydrogen atom from NADH, making more NAD+ (and in the process pyruvate is converted into lactate). ...
biochemistry national board exam review
... 54. Polyuridylic acid in a cell-free system capable of protein synthesis results in production of polyphenylalanine. In this system, polyuridylic acid functions as A. B. C. D. E. ...
... 54. Polyuridylic acid in a cell-free system capable of protein synthesis results in production of polyphenylalanine. In this system, polyuridylic acid functions as A. B. C. D. E. ...
BIOCHEMISTRY NATIONAL BOARD EXAM REVIEW
... 54. Polyuridylic acid in a cell-free system capable of protein synthesis results in production of polyphenylalanine. In this system, polyuridylic acid functions as A. B. C. D. E. ...
... 54. Polyuridylic acid in a cell-free system capable of protein synthesis results in production of polyphenylalanine. In this system, polyuridylic acid functions as A. B. C. D. E. ...
PROTEOGLYCANS AND GLYCOPROTEINS
... The units in the saccharide chains are elongated in alternating acidic/amino sugars, donated from UDP derivatives. Last step is sulfation of some amino sugars. For glycosaminoglycan synthesis and synthesis of O-linked glycoproteins, the addition is direct. For N-linked glycoproteins, the chain is fo ...
... The units in the saccharide chains are elongated in alternating acidic/amino sugars, donated from UDP derivatives. Last step is sulfation of some amino sugars. For glycosaminoglycan synthesis and synthesis of O-linked glycoproteins, the addition is direct. For N-linked glycoproteins, the chain is fo ...
Folate is one of the essential water soluble vitamins (vitamin B9) for
... This is necessary to form methyl-tetrahydrofolate, an essential component for nucleotide synthesis. However up to 50 – 80% of naturally occurring folate is lost after cooking, while folic acid is much more stable. Folate plays an active role in DNA and RNA synthesis, as our body replicates genetic m ...
... This is necessary to form methyl-tetrahydrofolate, an essential component for nucleotide synthesis. However up to 50 – 80% of naturally occurring folate is lost after cooking, while folic acid is much more stable. Folate plays an active role in DNA and RNA synthesis, as our body replicates genetic m ...
Gluconeogenesis Lecture
... • This is primarily a function of the liver to buffer blood glucose levels • G6Pase is NOT present in brain and muscle! (Gluconeogenesis does not occur in these tissues) ...
... • This is primarily a function of the liver to buffer blood glucose levels • G6Pase is NOT present in brain and muscle! (Gluconeogenesis does not occur in these tissues) ...
Advantages of traditional lactic acid bacteria fermentation of food in
... In West Africa ogi is a staple porridge prepared from fermented maize, sorghum or millet [13]. It is a popular breakfast gruel and a complementary food for young children [14]. Its consumption rate has been on the increase. It is traditionally prepared by soaking maize kernels for 1 to 3 days, follo ...
... In West Africa ogi is a staple porridge prepared from fermented maize, sorghum or millet [13]. It is a popular breakfast gruel and a complementary food for young children [14]. Its consumption rate has been on the increase. It is traditionally prepared by soaking maize kernels for 1 to 3 days, follo ...
Overview of the reactions of cellular synthesis and
... Some bacteria and archaea can fix atmospheric nitrogen, dinitrogen N2 and the product is ammonia. This process will be described later in the course when we meet these organisms. Many bacteria and archaea can reduce nitrate to ammonia (assimilative nitrate reduction) for biosynthetic purposes. This ...
... Some bacteria and archaea can fix atmospheric nitrogen, dinitrogen N2 and the product is ammonia. This process will be described later in the course when we meet these organisms. Many bacteria and archaea can reduce nitrate to ammonia (assimilative nitrate reduction) for biosynthetic purposes. This ...
Dinazyme C/S
... Molecule has similar structure to normal substrate molecule. Fits into active site of the enzyme. Competes with substrate for the active site, so reaction is slower. Increase KM for enzyme, but no effect on vmax. The rate can approach a normality if substrate concentration is increased sufficiently. ...
... Molecule has similar structure to normal substrate molecule. Fits into active site of the enzyme. Competes with substrate for the active site, so reaction is slower. Increase KM for enzyme, but no effect on vmax. The rate can approach a normality if substrate concentration is increased sufficiently. ...
Supplementary Text - Overview of nutrition for endurance athletes
... free fatty acids, and selected amino acids) in plasma to a provision of mixed proteincarbohydrate supplementation during endurance exercise. Alternatively combining CHO with fat in interventions aiming to increase fat availability before exercise has been shown to reduce carbohydrate utilization dur ...
... free fatty acids, and selected amino acids) in plasma to a provision of mixed proteincarbohydrate supplementation during endurance exercise. Alternatively combining CHO with fat in interventions aiming to increase fat availability before exercise has been shown to reduce carbohydrate utilization dur ...
Absorption of Amino Acids from an Amino Acid
... Silk, Perrett & Clark, 1973). The tube was allowed to pass until the 30 cm perfusion segment was positioned in the upper jejunum and the final position was checked radiologically. The perfusion solutions, which were infused at 15 ml/min, contained either (1) a tryptic hydrolysate of casein made up o ...
... Silk, Perrett & Clark, 1973). The tube was allowed to pass until the 30 cm perfusion segment was positioned in the upper jejunum and the final position was checked radiologically. The perfusion solutions, which were infused at 15 ml/min, contained either (1) a tryptic hydrolysate of casein made up o ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.