H - IS MU
... diabetes mellitus), large amount of glucose enter the cells • The polyol pathway produces glucitol. •It cannot pass efficiently through cytoplasmic membrane ...
... diabetes mellitus), large amount of glucose enter the cells • The polyol pathway produces glucitol. •It cannot pass efficiently through cytoplasmic membrane ...
Cholesterol a jeho transport
... Sources of cholesterol: 1. the diet, 2. de novo synthesis from acetyl-CoA (liver) Utilization of cholesterol: 1. the synthesis of bile acids, 2. building block for cell membranes, 3. stored in the form of lipid droplets, following esterification with fatty acids, 4. formation of VLDL (supply oth ...
... Sources of cholesterol: 1. the diet, 2. de novo synthesis from acetyl-CoA (liver) Utilization of cholesterol: 1. the synthesis of bile acids, 2. building block for cell membranes, 3. stored in the form of lipid droplets, following esterification with fatty acids, 4. formation of VLDL (supply oth ...
Cholesterol and its transport
... Sources of cholesterol: 1. the diet, 2. de novo synthesis from acetyl-CoA (liver) Utilization of cholesterol: 1. the synthesis of bile acids, 2. building block for cell membranes, 3. stored in the form of lipid droplets, following esterification with fatty acids, 4. formation of VLDL (supply oth ...
... Sources of cholesterol: 1. the diet, 2. de novo synthesis from acetyl-CoA (liver) Utilization of cholesterol: 1. the synthesis of bile acids, 2. building block for cell membranes, 3. stored in the form of lipid droplets, following esterification with fatty acids, 4. formation of VLDL (supply oth ...
Protein Structure
... Quaternary structure is the result of noncovalent interactions between two or more protein chains. In some cases the quaternary structure involves binding to a nonprotein group called a prosthetic group. Hemoglobin has four protein chains and the heme prosthetic group. ...
... Quaternary structure is the result of noncovalent interactions between two or more protein chains. In some cases the quaternary structure involves binding to a nonprotein group called a prosthetic group. Hemoglobin has four protein chains and the heme prosthetic group. ...
Enzymes of Glycolysis Are Functionally Associated
... 1998; Balk et al., 1999). Similarly, the outer mitochondrial membrane is essential to mitochondrial function (Vander Heiden et al., 2000), but its protein complement remains almost completely uncharacterized as a result of the predominance of porin (Werhahn et al., 2001). Given the potential importa ...
... 1998; Balk et al., 1999). Similarly, the outer mitochondrial membrane is essential to mitochondrial function (Vander Heiden et al., 2000), but its protein complement remains almost completely uncharacterized as a result of the predominance of porin (Werhahn et al., 2001). Given the potential importa ...
Metabolic changes in Diabetes mellitus (DM)
... mmol/l and more or 2nd: fasting glucose level is 7.0 mmol/l mmol/l and more or 3rd: 2 hours glucose level in PGTT is 11 11..1 mmol/l mmol/l and more For confirmation of diagnosis DM positivity each of the mentioned parameters have to be confirmed next day by pos positivity any of the mentioned param ...
... mmol/l and more or 2nd: fasting glucose level is 7.0 mmol/l mmol/l and more or 3rd: 2 hours glucose level in PGTT is 11 11..1 mmol/l mmol/l and more For confirmation of diagnosis DM positivity each of the mentioned parameters have to be confirmed next day by pos positivity any of the mentioned param ...
- WordPress.com
... Two major products of pentose phosphate pathway are A. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and ribose 5-phosphate B. flavine adenine dinuclueotide and glucose 5-phosphate C. FAD and CoA D.NADPH and NAD ...
... Two major products of pentose phosphate pathway are A. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and ribose 5-phosphate B. flavine adenine dinuclueotide and glucose 5-phosphate C. FAD and CoA D.NADPH and NAD ...
Block 1 Unit #3
... 1. Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? a. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm b. Describe the two stages of glycolysis. i. Priming stage – 1. Endergonic (requires energy), 2ATP 2. Glucose 2 Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ii. Oxidative phase 1. Exergonic, gives 4 ATP 2. 2 Glyceraldehyde 2 phos ...
... 1. Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? a. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm b. Describe the two stages of glycolysis. i. Priming stage – 1. Endergonic (requires energy), 2ATP 2. Glucose 2 Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ii. Oxidative phase 1. Exergonic, gives 4 ATP 2. 2 Glyceraldehyde 2 phos ...
LABORATORY MANUAL ON BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
... organ, tissues and in a whole body – is necessary to medical students for understanding of metabolic processes and turnover of substances in tissues, energy production, anabolic and catabolic reactions, transfer of genetic information, processes providing elementary physiological functions as well f ...
... organ, tissues and in a whole body – is necessary to medical students for understanding of metabolic processes and turnover of substances in tissues, energy production, anabolic and catabolic reactions, transfer of genetic information, processes providing elementary physiological functions as well f ...
Lecture 12-14 (Parker) - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... The activities of PFK2 and FBP2 are reciprocally controlled by the phosphorylation of a single serine residue At low glucose levels a rise in the hormone glucagon triggers a cAMP signaling cascade leading to the phosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme by protein kinase A. This modification activ ...
... The activities of PFK2 and FBP2 are reciprocally controlled by the phosphorylation of a single serine residue At low glucose levels a rise in the hormone glucagon triggers a cAMP signaling cascade leading to the phosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme by protein kinase A. This modification activ ...
Chapter 14 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
... Cholesterol and LDL’s • There are several medications which have been used to either lower the total cholesterol level in the bloodstream, or to lower the concentration of the LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels: – Resin drugs (Questran, Colestid) bind with bile acids in the digestive tract and remove th ...
... Cholesterol and LDL’s • There are several medications which have been used to either lower the total cholesterol level in the bloodstream, or to lower the concentration of the LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels: – Resin drugs (Questran, Colestid) bind with bile acids in the digestive tract and remove th ...
CASE 37
... are sufficient for short-duration exercise, and these needs are met by the glycogen stores, creatine phosphate, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reserves in the muscle. Exercise of longer duration results in significant alterations of insulin and the counterregulatory hormones, resulting in the brea ...
... are sufficient for short-duration exercise, and these needs are met by the glycogen stores, creatine phosphate, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reserves in the muscle. Exercise of longer duration results in significant alterations of insulin and the counterregulatory hormones, resulting in the brea ...
Dream Protein - Greens First
... Amino Acids are the chemical units or commonly known as the building blocks that make up proteins. Because they contain about 16 percent nitrogen, this is what distinguishes them from the other two basic nutrients, sugars and fatty acids. Protein provides the structure for all living things, necessa ...
... Amino Acids are the chemical units or commonly known as the building blocks that make up proteins. Because they contain about 16 percent nitrogen, this is what distinguishes them from the other two basic nutrients, sugars and fatty acids. Protein provides the structure for all living things, necessa ...
Protein content and amino acids profile of
... Quality control results for protein and amino acid analysis are indicated in Table 2. The analytical values are within the certified ranges for all amino acids and macronutrients. The sum of individual amino acids agree with protein content determined by Kjeldahl. For each amino acid analysis the var ...
... Quality control results for protein and amino acid analysis are indicated in Table 2. The analytical values are within the certified ranges for all amino acids and macronutrients. The sum of individual amino acids agree with protein content determined by Kjeldahl. For each amino acid analysis the var ...
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... gallic and pyrogallic acids (Nakai, 2000). Phenolic compounds are also found significantly in monocotyledons, such as cereals. The occurrence of phenolics in non-vascular plants, i.e., bryophytes is also quite common. Some phenolics like rosmarinic acid are reported from mosses (Vigeslang et al., 20 ...
... gallic and pyrogallic acids (Nakai, 2000). Phenolic compounds are also found significantly in monocotyledons, such as cereals. The occurrence of phenolics in non-vascular plants, i.e., bryophytes is also quite common. Some phenolics like rosmarinic acid are reported from mosses (Vigeslang et al., 20 ...
Metabolism of fatty acids in tissues and organs of the ruminants
... animal (inter alia, liver, adipose tissue, muscles and mammary gland) where the fatty acids are subjected to further metabolic modifications. The aim of this article is to discuss the changes occurring in tissues and organs, which contribute to the diversity of the profiles of fatty acids in product ...
... animal (inter alia, liver, adipose tissue, muscles and mammary gland) where the fatty acids are subjected to further metabolic modifications. The aim of this article is to discuss the changes occurring in tissues and organs, which contribute to the diversity of the profiles of fatty acids in product ...
nectar composition and membrane transport of sugars and amino
... trichomes. Rates comparable to those observed in other plant systems (table 1) are obtained when it is assumed that the stalk cell is passed by symplastic transport and subsequently the membrane surfaces of all trichome cells contribute to active membrane transport. There are no cell wall protuberan ...
... trichomes. Rates comparable to those observed in other plant systems (table 1) are obtained when it is assumed that the stalk cell is passed by symplastic transport and subsequently the membrane surfaces of all trichome cells contribute to active membrane transport. There are no cell wall protuberan ...
A New Type of a Multifunctional ß-Oxidation
... Figure 1. Most common pathways for the degradation of fatty acid CoA esters by -oxidation enzymes in the different organisms. In the first reaction of the -oxidation cycle, acyl-CoA esters are desaturated to ⌬2-trans enoyl-CoA esters by acyl CoA oxidases or acyl CoA dehydrogenases. Oxidases are lo ...
... Figure 1. Most common pathways for the degradation of fatty acid CoA esters by -oxidation enzymes in the different organisms. In the first reaction of the -oxidation cycle, acyl-CoA esters are desaturated to ⌬2-trans enoyl-CoA esters by acyl CoA oxidases or acyl CoA dehydrogenases. Oxidases are lo ...
Biochemistry - Textbooks Online
... water, certain required nutrients and metal ions to pass freely (ii) It secrete waste products (vi) It keeps out toxic materials (v) It contain receptors to bind certain regulatory substances such as hormones which regulate the various metabolic activities. ...
... water, certain required nutrients and metal ions to pass freely (ii) It secrete waste products (vi) It keeps out toxic materials (v) It contain receptors to bind certain regulatory substances such as hormones which regulate the various metabolic activities. ...
Incorporation of radioactive citrate into fatty acids
... The results in Fig. I also show that radioactivity from [I,5-14C2]citrate is incorporated into fatty acids. Evidence that citrate is being used for fatty acid synthesis via acetyl-CoA is provided by the results which show a decrease in counts in fatty acids from [l*C]citrate with increasing amounts ...
... The results in Fig. I also show that radioactivity from [I,5-14C2]citrate is incorporated into fatty acids. Evidence that citrate is being used for fatty acid synthesis via acetyl-CoA is provided by the results which show a decrease in counts in fatty acids from [l*C]citrate with increasing amounts ...
Enzymes
... reactions without being changed themselves • Living organisms make biological catalysts called enzymes • Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions • Without enzymes to catalyze them, many chemical processes happen at a very slow rate in living organisms • By making s ...
... reactions without being changed themselves • Living organisms make biological catalysts called enzymes • Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions • Without enzymes to catalyze them, many chemical processes happen at a very slow rate in living organisms • By making s ...
phys chapter 78 [2-9
... become substrate for carb metabolic functions Increased transport from translocation of intracellular vesicles to PM; vesicles carry glucose transport proteins, which bind with PM and facilitate glucose uptake When insulin no longer available, vesicles separate from PM within 3-5 minutes and mov ...
... become substrate for carb metabolic functions Increased transport from translocation of intracellular vesicles to PM; vesicles carry glucose transport proteins, which bind with PM and facilitate glucose uptake When insulin no longer available, vesicles separate from PM within 3-5 minutes and mov ...
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
... and Alb-1.K/Glo.K/Alb-2.K ) 39:19:4.0. For soybean, these proportions were the following: 46:23:5. The protein extracts contained pure subfractions of albumins and globulins. This was demonstrated by electrophoresis as well as compared with our previous results and literature (1-8). Our results are ...
... and Alb-1.K/Glo.K/Alb-2.K ) 39:19:4.0. For soybean, these proportions were the following: 46:23:5. The protein extracts contained pure subfractions of albumins and globulins. This was demonstrated by electrophoresis as well as compared with our previous results and literature (1-8). Our results are ...
Chem 11 Spring 2012 Practice Final
... 33) Most enzymes are A) fluid-mosaic proteins. B) induced proteins. C) substrate proteins. D) fibrous proteins. E) globular proteins. 34) In any reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, the reacting molecule is called the A) substrate. B) cofactor. C) coenzyme. D) isozyme. E) allostere. 35) The presence of ...
... 33) Most enzymes are A) fluid-mosaic proteins. B) induced proteins. C) substrate proteins. D) fibrous proteins. E) globular proteins. 34) In any reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, the reacting molecule is called the A) substrate. B) cofactor. C) coenzyme. D) isozyme. E) allostere. 35) The presence of ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.