The roles of productivity and ecosystem size in determining food
... intermediate consumers increases (insertion mechanism); (3) the consumers diet changes either by growing larger and feeding on larger and potentially higher trophic position prey, or by purely behavioral shifts toward specialization allowing for more trophic exchanges within the food web (omnivory m ...
... intermediate consumers increases (insertion mechanism); (3) the consumers diet changes either by growing larger and feeding on larger and potentially higher trophic position prey, or by purely behavioral shifts toward specialization allowing for more trophic exchanges within the food web (omnivory m ...
,A STUDY OF A MARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITY WITH SPECIA
... Sparck (1936) and by Rees (1940), and Remane used the term to include small metazoa and some protozoa. In a freshwater deposit Rawson (1930) employed a similar usage, including small metazoa and such protozoa as were found by direct searching under the terIJ1 microfauna; some small metazoa appeared ...
... Sparck (1936) and by Rees (1940), and Remane used the term to include small metazoa and some protozoa. In a freshwater deposit Rawson (1930) employed a similar usage, including small metazoa and such protozoa as were found by direct searching under the terIJ1 microfauna; some small metazoa appeared ...
terrestrial food webs All wet or dried up? Real differences between
... times faster than grasslands and 10 times faster than multicellular aquatic producers. Since net primary productivity does not vary by system, less carbon is stored in the living autotroph biomass pool and producer biomass is consumed by aquatic herbivores at four times the terrestrial rate. Althoug ...
... times faster than grasslands and 10 times faster than multicellular aquatic producers. Since net primary productivity does not vary by system, less carbon is stored in the living autotroph biomass pool and producer biomass is consumed by aquatic herbivores at four times the terrestrial rate. Althoug ...
Atkinsonetal.Ecosystems.2014
... 1988; Vanni 2002; Vanni and others 2002; McIntyre and others 2008). Previous studies have shown that both marine and freshwater bivalves can be important in influencing N and P cycles (Bruesewitz and others 2009; Dame 2011; Goedkoop and others 2011; Jansen and others 2011). Although their effect may ...
... 1988; Vanni 2002; Vanni and others 2002; McIntyre and others 2008). Previous studies have shown that both marine and freshwater bivalves can be important in influencing N and P cycles (Bruesewitz and others 2009; Dame 2011; Goedkoop and others 2011; Jansen and others 2011). Although their effect may ...
Herbivores, resources and risks: alternating regulation along
... As a result, fires can prevent invasion of grasslands by trees, which is engineered, in part, ...
... As a result, fires can prevent invasion of grasslands by trees, which is engineered, in part, ...
Life cycles of two limnetic cyclopoid copepods
... were isolated from the pooled sediment samples in each pond by the sugar-flotation method (Onbe, 1978) and counted under a dissecting microscope. Rotifers in the zooplankton samples were also counted with a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber under an inverted microscope, since they are potential prey for olde ...
... were isolated from the pooled sediment samples in each pond by the sugar-flotation method (Onbe, 1978) and counted under a dissecting microscope. Rotifers in the zooplankton samples were also counted with a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber under an inverted microscope, since they are potential prey for olde ...
Energy flow to two abundant consumers in a subtropical oyster reef
... and trophic pathways support particular species of interest (Paine 1980; Winemiller and Polis 1996; Layman et al. 2005). An energy flow approach has rarely been taken in studies of oyster reef food webs (but see Dame and Patten 1981; Lenihan et al. 2001; Wilson et al. 2009), and thus, underlying tro ...
... and trophic pathways support particular species of interest (Paine 1980; Winemiller and Polis 1996; Layman et al. 2005). An energy flow approach has rarely been taken in studies of oyster reef food webs (but see Dame and Patten 1981; Lenihan et al. 2001; Wilson et al. 2009), and thus, underlying tro ...
Attachment 2. Biological Review for Endangered Species Act Compliance with... Contingency Plan April through September Project Description
... potential effects of the Project Description’s reduced Sacramento and San Joaquin River outflow and other operational modifications on potential Delta hydrodynamics for the months of April through May when listed salmonids are most likely to be present in the Delta and hydrology forecasts are more f ...
... potential effects of the Project Description’s reduced Sacramento and San Joaquin River outflow and other operational modifications on potential Delta hydrodynamics for the months of April through May when listed salmonids are most likely to be present in the Delta and hydrology forecasts are more f ...
Significance of Plankton Community Structure and Nutrient
... manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ...
... manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ...
Impact of an exotic clam, Corbula gibba, on the commercial scallop
... characteristics that predispose them to successful establishment after introduction (e.g. Simberloff 1989). Corbula gibba is now widespread and highly abundant in Port Phillip Bay (Talman 1998), so the natural ecosystem may be affected by its introduction. In some areas of the bay, C. gibba has been ...
... characteristics that predispose them to successful establishment after introduction (e.g. Simberloff 1989). Corbula gibba is now widespread and highly abundant in Port Phillip Bay (Talman 1998), so the natural ecosystem may be affected by its introduction. In some areas of the bay, C. gibba has been ...
Significance of Plankton Community Structure and Nutrient
... manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ...
... manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ...
Oyster Reef Communities in the Chesapeake Bay: A Brief Primer
... shells but a veritable condominium for many other species. All the nooks and crannies within the reef are occupied by species that specialize in occupying these very special nooks and crannies. The spaces between the shells come in all sorts of shapes. Flat spaces are occupied by flat species such a ...
... shells but a veritable condominium for many other species. All the nooks and crannies within the reef are occupied by species that specialize in occupying these very special nooks and crannies. The spaces between the shells come in all sorts of shapes. Flat spaces are occupied by flat species such a ...
amphipods are strong interactors in the food web of a brown
... salmonids must survive harsh winter conditions at a small size, undergo the physiological stress of smoltification, migrate long distances to the sea, and avoid predation and competition with larger (body size) cohorts (Kirillov and Kirillova, unpubl.). Hundreds of brown water rivers exist within th ...
... salmonids must survive harsh winter conditions at a small size, undergo the physiological stress of smoltification, migrate long distances to the sea, and avoid predation and competition with larger (body size) cohorts (Kirillov and Kirillova, unpubl.). Hundreds of brown water rivers exist within th ...
- Wiley Online Library
... seq.) and several pinniped stocks may now be reaching, or are within, their ‘‘Optimal Sustainable Population’’ (16 U.S.C. §1362 (9)) range (Baraff and Loughlin 2000, Jeffries et al. 2003, Brown et al. 2005). Coincident with these increases has been a decline in many Pacific salmonid populations (Nehl ...
... seq.) and several pinniped stocks may now be reaching, or are within, their ‘‘Optimal Sustainable Population’’ (16 U.S.C. §1362 (9)) range (Baraff and Loughlin 2000, Jeffries et al. 2003, Brown et al. 2005). Coincident with these increases has been a decline in many Pacific salmonid populations (Nehl ...
PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND ENERGY FLOW
... z Aquatic Primary Production is generally limited by nutrient availability z Consumers can influence rates of primary production in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems z Energy losses limit the number of trophic levels found in ecosystems Molles: Ecology 3RD Ed. ...
... z Aquatic Primary Production is generally limited by nutrient availability z Consumers can influence rates of primary production in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems z Energy losses limit the number of trophic levels found in ecosystems Molles: Ecology 3RD Ed. ...
The road toward sympatric speciation in whitefish.
... For almost every organism there are large gaps in our knowledge about the processes that leads to speciation. The changes an organism undergoes before divergence has occurred have remained a mystery, as it is difficult to say whether or not a species is going to diverge and when. To investigate this ...
... For almost every organism there are large gaps in our knowledge about the processes that leads to speciation. The changes an organism undergoes before divergence has occurred have remained a mystery, as it is difficult to say whether or not a species is going to diverge and when. To investigate this ...
Cold seep benthic communities in Japan subduction zones: spatial
... Laubier 1987), likely detritivores, also surrounded the clam colony. In comparison to that of P, elongata, polychaete distribution was more restricted and in closer proximity to the clams (Fig. 5). Crustaceans identified as caprellid amphipods (not sampled) (Ohta & Laubier 1987), up to 5 cm long, we ...
... Laubier 1987), likely detritivores, also surrounded the clam colony. In comparison to that of P, elongata, polychaete distribution was more restricted and in closer proximity to the clams (Fig. 5). Crustaceans identified as caprellid amphipods (not sampled) (Ohta & Laubier 1987), up to 5 cm long, we ...
University of Groningen Herbivores, resources and risks
... resources as herbivores are regulated by predators [5,12]. Previous research has elucidated the complexity of trophic interactions by breaking each trophic level into more fundamental components (Figure 1). Specifically, the roles of abiotic factors, disturbances, quality and quantity of primary pro ...
... resources as herbivores are regulated by predators [5,12]. Previous research has elucidated the complexity of trophic interactions by breaking each trophic level into more fundamental components (Figure 1). Specifically, the roles of abiotic factors, disturbances, quality and quantity of primary pro ...
The significance of inter- and intraspecific variation in bacterivorous
... are species-specific, i.e. the same bacterial prey may be digested differently by various grazers, and the same predator may selectively digest variable prey. Planktonic ciliates are the most important algal consumers in many lakes and marine systems. Large species-specific differences in their feed ...
... are species-specific, i.e. the same bacterial prey may be digested differently by various grazers, and the same predator may selectively digest variable prey. Planktonic ciliates are the most important algal consumers in many lakes and marine systems. Large species-specific differences in their feed ...
Energy flow of a boreal intertidal ecosystem, the Sylt
... exports) (Christensen 1995). (4) The Lindeman spine transforms each complex network of trophic transfers into a concatenated food chain with discrete trophic levels. The Lindeman spine illustrates the amount of carbon that each trophic level receives from the preceding level, as well as the amount l ...
... exports) (Christensen 1995). (4) The Lindeman spine transforms each complex network of trophic transfers into a concatenated food chain with discrete trophic levels. The Lindeman spine illustrates the amount of carbon that each trophic level receives from the preceding level, as well as the amount l ...
Estuarine Benthic Algae
... mats of extremely high biomass. Brown algae are almost exclusively marine and are dominant in temperate waters where hardbottomed habitats occur. Some genera of structurally robust forms such as Laminaria and Sargassum dominate in very high energy zones. Kelps are ‘‘ecoengineers’’ that form extensiv ...
... mats of extremely high biomass. Brown algae are almost exclusively marine and are dominant in temperate waters where hardbottomed habitats occur. Some genera of structurally robust forms such as Laminaria and Sargassum dominate in very high energy zones. Kelps are ‘‘ecoengineers’’ that form extensiv ...
Examining food webs and trophic dynamics across a stream
... were the largest (Miano, 2011), and therefore capable of eating the widest variety of organisms. The low intensity restoration stream had two distinct types of food at its base: primary producers and detritus. Unlike the reference stream, the grazing pathway in this system is stronger, with more org ...
... were the largest (Miano, 2011), and therefore capable of eating the widest variety of organisms. The low intensity restoration stream had two distinct types of food at its base: primary producers and detritus. Unlike the reference stream, the grazing pathway in this system is stronger, with more org ...
Kessler, K., RS Lockwood, CE Williamson, and JE Saros. Vertical
... (Lampert 1989). In alpine lakes, which are characteristically fishless, the stocking of fish may lead to the elimination of large zooplankton species (McNaught et al. 1999; Parker and Schindler 2006), but, consistent with the transparencygradient hypothesis, data to date suggest that fish have littl ...
... (Lampert 1989). In alpine lakes, which are characteristically fishless, the stocking of fish may lead to the elimination of large zooplankton species (McNaught et al. 1999; Parker and Schindler 2006), but, consistent with the transparencygradient hypothesis, data to date suggest that fish have littl ...
Crop Profile for Bivalve (Oysters, Manila Clams, Geoduck Clams and
... In areas with natural sets, cultch is placed in bays either loose or in bags at critical times to collect larvae. Natural spawning and settlement generally occurs from June through early September. This approach is not without risks. During the last 60 years, at intermittent intervals and for period ...
... In areas with natural sets, cultch is placed in bays either loose or in bags at critical times to collect larvae. Natural spawning and settlement generally occurs from June through early September. This approach is not without risks. During the last 60 years, at intermittent intervals and for period ...
Trophic ecology of meiofauna: Francisco J.A. Nascimento
... greater quantity than previously. Paper I found that meiofauna can feed on settled cyanobacteria at rates similar to what other studies have found for diatoms, yet suffer no apparent increase in mortality. However, growth of meiofauna is significantly slower on a diet of cyanobacteria than when fed ...
... greater quantity than previously. Paper I found that meiofauna can feed on settled cyanobacteria at rates similar to what other studies have found for diatoms, yet suffer no apparent increase in mortality. However, growth of meiofauna is significantly slower on a diet of cyanobacteria than when fed ...
Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary
The San Francisco Estuary together with the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta represents a highly altered ecosystem. The region has been heavily re-engineered to accommodate the needs of water delivery, shipping, agriculture, and most recently, suburban development. These needs have wrought direct changes in the movement of water and the nature of the landscape, and indirect changes from the introduction of non-native species. New species have altered the architecture of the food web as surely as levees have altered the landscape of islands and channels that form the complex system known as the Delta.This article deals particularly with the ecology of the low salinity zone (LSZ) of the estuary. Reconstructing a historic food web for the LSZ is difficult for a number of reasons. First, there is no clear record of the species that historically have occupied the estuary. Second, the San Francisco Estuary and Delta have been in geologic and hydrologic transition for most of their 10,000 year history, and so describing the ""natural"" condition of the estuary is much like ""hitting a moving target"". Climate change, hydrologic engineering, shifting water needs, and newly introduced species will continue to alter the food web configuration of the estuary. This model provides a snapshot of the current state, with notes about recent changes or species introductions that have altered the configuration of the food web. Understanding the dynamics of the current food web may prove useful for restoration efforts to improve the functioning and species diversity of the estuary.