Lecture 1 Course overview and intro to enzymes
... water splitting and proton gradient system I making reducing equivalents cytb6f: linking photosystems II and I water splitting complex: where those e come from Chloroplast compartments lumen of the thylakoid membrane Other light-harvesting complex bacteriorhodopsin Light independent processes Calvin ...
... water splitting and proton gradient system I making reducing equivalents cytb6f: linking photosystems II and I water splitting complex: where those e come from Chloroplast compartments lumen of the thylakoid membrane Other light-harvesting complex bacteriorhodopsin Light independent processes Calvin ...
SI Session 10-13-14 The molecule that functions as the reducing
... Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy? A) The covalent bonds in organic molecules are higher energy bonds than those in water and carbon dioxide. B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (s ...
... Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy? A) The covalent bonds in organic molecules are higher energy bonds than those in water and carbon dioxide. B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (s ...
question Examination questions: Digestion and intermediary
... their use in metabolic reactions) (alternative names, active forms, examples of their use in metabolic reactions) (alternative names, active forms, examples of their use in metabolic reactions) (alternative names, active forms, examples of their use in metabolic reactions) (alternative names, active ...
... their use in metabolic reactions) (alternative names, active forms, examples of their use in metabolic reactions) (alternative names, active forms, examples of their use in metabolic reactions) (alternative names, active forms, examples of their use in metabolic reactions) (alternative names, active ...
Chemistry of the cell - University of Bristol
... 5. Glycogen is abundant most abundant in liver but is also present in muscles. The only brain cells which contain glycogen are called astrocytes. GLYCOGEN 6. There are about 10 “glycogen storage diseases” due to various mutations in enzymes involved in its synthesis and degradation. ...
... 5. Glycogen is abundant most abundant in liver but is also present in muscles. The only brain cells which contain glycogen are called astrocytes. GLYCOGEN 6. There are about 10 “glycogen storage diseases” due to various mutations in enzymes involved in its synthesis and degradation. ...
Cellular Respiration
... produce H2O. Most of the water produced will be eliminated by breathing and urination. However, some sugar wil be retained in the cell. If the sugar is not needed for cellular respiration, it will be converted to glycogen or lipids for storage. ...
... produce H2O. Most of the water produced will be eliminated by breathing and urination. However, some sugar wil be retained in the cell. If the sugar is not needed for cellular respiration, it will be converted to glycogen or lipids for storage. ...
Organic Molecules Worksheet
... small molecules, which join together, or bond, to form large molecules. The third characteristic of all organic molecules is that each is kind of organic molecule is built from a single type of monomer (building block). For example, the monomer of carbohydrates is sugar, the monomer of lipids is fat ...
... small molecules, which join together, or bond, to form large molecules. The third characteristic of all organic molecules is that each is kind of organic molecule is built from a single type of monomer (building block). For example, the monomer of carbohydrates is sugar, the monomer of lipids is fat ...
Chemical digestion
... Your assignment is to design an experiment which tests the affect of temperature/pH on the action of catalase. There are pieces of equipment available in the classroom. In the course of designing the experiment decide which of the equipment/ glassware you will use and how many. Write this down. 1. S ...
... Your assignment is to design an experiment which tests the affect of temperature/pH on the action of catalase. There are pieces of equipment available in the classroom. In the course of designing the experiment decide which of the equipment/ glassware you will use and how many. Write this down. 1. S ...
Cellular Respiration
... is formed. Lactic acid is what causes your muscles to hurt or cramp after exercise. ...
... is formed. Lactic acid is what causes your muscles to hurt or cramp after exercise. ...
Detailed Objectives
... A. Understand the general features of catabolic and anabolic pathways in metabolism. B. Know which pathways are the primary sources of ATP, NADH, NADPH, acetyl-CoA, α-ketoacid intermediates, and nucleotide biosynthesis precursors. C. Know the names and structures of the important intermediates that ...
... A. Understand the general features of catabolic and anabolic pathways in metabolism. B. Know which pathways are the primary sources of ATP, NADH, NADPH, acetyl-CoA, α-ketoacid intermediates, and nucleotide biosynthesis precursors. C. Know the names and structures of the important intermediates that ...
Solutions to 7.014 Quiz I
... ii) These aerobic organisms generate 18 times more energy from glucose as compared to the organisms from part (b). Briefly describe how this additional energy is generated. Some of this additional energy comes directly from further oxidation of pyruvate into CO2. The electrons from NADH are used to ...
... ii) These aerobic organisms generate 18 times more energy from glucose as compared to the organisms from part (b). Briefly describe how this additional energy is generated. Some of this additional energy comes directly from further oxidation of pyruvate into CO2. The electrons from NADH are used to ...
PART IV Metabolism Introduction to Metabolism
... Organic reaction mechanisms Biochemical reactions are generally catalyzed by an enzyme 4 categories of reactions: • group-transfer reactions • oxidation and reductions • eliminations, isomerizations, and rearrangements • reactions that make or break carbon-carbon bonds ...
... Organic reaction mechanisms Biochemical reactions are generally catalyzed by an enzyme 4 categories of reactions: • group-transfer reactions • oxidation and reductions • eliminations, isomerizations, and rearrangements • reactions that make or break carbon-carbon bonds ...
Cellular Structure and Function Handout
... ______20. ___________________________ - thought to manufacture glycoproteins ______21. ___________________________ - tubular arrangement involved in cell division ______22. ___________________________ - networks of canals ______23. ___________________________ - site of cell respiration ______24. ___ ...
... ______20. ___________________________ - thought to manufacture glycoproteins ______21. ___________________________ - tubular arrangement involved in cell division ______22. ___________________________ - networks of canals ______23. ___________________________ - site of cell respiration ______24. ___ ...
2.1 Molecules to Metabolism 14-15
... Carbon atoms form an unbranched chain Number of carbon atoms is between 14 and 20 One end is a carboxyl group The other end is a methyl group Carbon atoms in between have 2 ...
... Carbon atoms form an unbranched chain Number of carbon atoms is between 14 and 20 One end is a carboxyl group The other end is a methyl group Carbon atoms in between have 2 ...
Cellular Respiration (Chapter 8) Outline The Killers Are Coming
... a. Certain bacteria (as in milk) and muscle cells have the enzymes capable of converting pyruvate to lactate. ...
... a. Certain bacteria (as in milk) and muscle cells have the enzymes capable of converting pyruvate to lactate. ...
Unit 1 Vocabulary
... 26 steroid; 27 substrate; 28 triglyceride; 29 wax 15 a monomer of a carbohydrate with the general formula (CH2O)n, where n = 3 to 8 16 very large, complex organic molecules that store & transfer important information in the cell 17 monomer of nucleic acids; contains nitrogenous base, a 5-C sugar, & ...
... 26 steroid; 27 substrate; 28 triglyceride; 29 wax 15 a monomer of a carbohydrate with the general formula (CH2O)n, where n = 3 to 8 16 very large, complex organic molecules that store & transfer important information in the cell 17 monomer of nucleic acids; contains nitrogenous base, a 5-C sugar, & ...
Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis
... (C4) to make Citrate (C6) – Break off two carbons (released as CO2) – Yield (per pyruvate) ...
... (C4) to make Citrate (C6) – Break off two carbons (released as CO2) – Yield (per pyruvate) ...
Cellular Respiration
... Exchange of O2 for CO2 in lungs Consumption of O2 and production of CO2 in tissues ...
... Exchange of O2 for CO2 in lungs Consumption of O2 and production of CO2 in tissues ...
Sample exam 1
... 6. Gastric juice has a pH of 1.5 and is produced by pumping HCl from blood plasma (pH 7.4) into the stomach. a. Calculate the free energy required to concentrate the H+ in 1 L of gastric juice at 37°C. For this problem, you can ignore the effects of the transmembrane electrical potential difference. ...
... 6. Gastric juice has a pH of 1.5 and is produced by pumping HCl from blood plasma (pH 7.4) into the stomach. a. Calculate the free energy required to concentrate the H+ in 1 L of gastric juice at 37°C. For this problem, you can ignore the effects of the transmembrane electrical potential difference. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... The citric acid enters the Krebs cycle and is converted into carbon dioxide (a waste product), ATP, NADH, and FADH2 The NADH and FADH2 can now enter the electron transport chain These reactions take place in the mitochondria ...
... The citric acid enters the Krebs cycle and is converted into carbon dioxide (a waste product), ATP, NADH, and FADH2 The NADH and FADH2 can now enter the electron transport chain These reactions take place in the mitochondria ...
Amino Acid Biosynthesis Student Companion Ch 24 Self Test
... 1) What enzyme is responsible for the fixation of nitrogen? Describe it. 2) How many electrons are required to reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia? How many electrons are required in the biological reduction? 3) What are the ultimate biological molecules that act as acceptors of ammonia? What enzymes med ...
... 1) What enzyme is responsible for the fixation of nitrogen? Describe it. 2) How many electrons are required to reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia? How many electrons are required in the biological reduction? 3) What are the ultimate biological molecules that act as acceptors of ammonia? What enzymes med ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... The citric acid enters the Krebs cycle and is converted into carbon dioxide (a waste product), ATP, NADH, and FADH2 The NADH and FADH2 can now enter the electron transport chain These reactions take place in the mitochondria ...
... The citric acid enters the Krebs cycle and is converted into carbon dioxide (a waste product), ATP, NADH, and FADH2 The NADH and FADH2 can now enter the electron transport chain These reactions take place in the mitochondria ...
New Reaction Chemistries
... CF3 methylation CF3./radical SAM’s/CF3CO2H CF3./Hybrid/chimeric enzymes Modular/Non-covalent ...
... CF3 methylation CF3./radical SAM’s/CF3CO2H CF3./Hybrid/chimeric enzymes Modular/Non-covalent ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.