1. (a) - The West Bridgford School
... same amino acids in same sequence; bonds form between R-groups/side chains; e.g. sulphur-containing amino acids / ionic bonds / hydrogen bonds; bonds form in same place; ...
... same amino acids in same sequence; bonds form between R-groups/side chains; e.g. sulphur-containing amino acids / ionic bonds / hydrogen bonds; bonds form in same place; ...
Proteins*
... Two amino acids linked together are called dipeptides More than 2 linked together are called polypeptides polypeptides can be thousands of amino acids long ...
... Two amino acids linked together are called dipeptides More than 2 linked together are called polypeptides polypeptides can be thousands of amino acids long ...
Lecture 4 - IISER Pune
... Mirror-image forms of these molecules actually present in unequal amounts before life began, lead to some sort of preference as life evolved? ...
... Mirror-image forms of these molecules actually present in unequal amounts before life began, lead to some sort of preference as life evolved? ...
Fate of glucose:
... The brain is the main glucose hog and the reason glucose is so important The brain uses 2/3 of the glucose consumed The rest of your body’s energy reserves are 78% in body fat and 21% in proteins. Diabetes is a problem with insulin so diabetic’s cells can’t uptake and efficiently use glucose so bloo ...
... The brain is the main glucose hog and the reason glucose is so important The brain uses 2/3 of the glucose consumed The rest of your body’s energy reserves are 78% in body fat and 21% in proteins. Diabetes is a problem with insulin so diabetic’s cells can’t uptake and efficiently use glucose so bloo ...
Ch 8 Lecture
... photosynthetic organisms. Nonphotosynthetic organisms depend on photosynthetic organisms for energy in the form of organic molecules. I. ATP powers cellular work 1. A cell does three main kinds of work: •Mechanical work •Transport work •Chemical work 2. In most cases, ATP is the immediate source of ...
... photosynthetic organisms. Nonphotosynthetic organisms depend on photosynthetic organisms for energy in the form of organic molecules. I. ATP powers cellular work 1. A cell does three main kinds of work: •Mechanical work •Transport work •Chemical work 2. In most cases, ATP is the immediate source of ...
D-Glucose is a carbohydrate which can be classified as which of the
... 15C. Gluconeogenesis synthesizes a molecule of glucose using two molecules of pyruvate. Considering that this is the reverse of glycolysis, how is it possible for gluconeogenesis to also be a spontaneous process? (3 points) Only seven of the ten steps are the same. Three steps in gluconeogenesis are ...
... 15C. Gluconeogenesis synthesizes a molecule of glucose using two molecules of pyruvate. Considering that this is the reverse of glycolysis, how is it possible for gluconeogenesis to also be a spontaneous process? (3 points) Only seven of the ten steps are the same. Three steps in gluconeogenesis are ...
Proteins
... Examples are: Collagen found in connective tissue, cartilage, bones, skin, tendons and blood vessel walls. Elastin is another connective tissue in arteries, skin, ligaments and lungs. It can stretch in all directions. Silks or fibroins are secreted by moths and spiders. They have high strength ...
... Examples are: Collagen found in connective tissue, cartilage, bones, skin, tendons and blood vessel walls. Elastin is another connective tissue in arteries, skin, ligaments and lungs. It can stretch in all directions. Silks or fibroins are secreted by moths and spiders. They have high strength ...
Topic 4: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT ORGANIC MOLECULES
... breakdown of polymers is by hydrolysis reactions in which water is cleaved. CARBOHYDRATES Major functions: energy storage and structural Sugars and their polymers; loosely defined as molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a molar ratio of 1:2:1 , [C(H)2O]n. Because they contain many C ...
... breakdown of polymers is by hydrolysis reactions in which water is cleaved. CARBOHYDRATES Major functions: energy storage and structural Sugars and their polymers; loosely defined as molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a molar ratio of 1:2:1 , [C(H)2O]n. Because they contain many C ...
Photosynthesis- Photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR)
... pH stroma goes up from 7 Æ 8 Mg2+ increases in stroma NADPH allosteric activator Rubisco Activase catalyzes carbamate formation – CO2 required ...
... pH stroma goes up from 7 Æ 8 Mg2+ increases in stroma NADPH allosteric activator Rubisco Activase catalyzes carbamate formation – CO2 required ...
Organic Chemistry
... tripeptide. The condensation reaction occurs again and again, forming chains that are typically 50 to hundreds of amino acids long. These polymer chain are called polypeptides, and regardless of length, each chain will have an amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus. A protein molecule can consists o ...
... tripeptide. The condensation reaction occurs again and again, forming chains that are typically 50 to hundreds of amino acids long. These polymer chain are called polypeptides, and regardless of length, each chain will have an amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus. A protein molecule can consists o ...
UNIT 1 review PPT
... • Fatty acids vary in length (number of carbons) and in the number and locations of double bonds • Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds • Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds ...
... • Fatty acids vary in length (number of carbons) and in the number and locations of double bonds • Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds • Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds ...
4 Krebs ETC
... • Cristae contain molecules that make up the electron transport system utilized in aerobic respiration • Electron transport system consists of 4 complexes that receives a pair of electrons then transfers the electrons to the next complex – Cytochrome complex 3 and 4 are membrane bound proteins ...
... • Cristae contain molecules that make up the electron transport system utilized in aerobic respiration • Electron transport system consists of 4 complexes that receives a pair of electrons then transfers the electrons to the next complex – Cytochrome complex 3 and 4 are membrane bound proteins ...
Sydney Newsom - Center for Undergraduate Research
... initiation, growth, and resistance to treatments. Cancer cells produce energy through a process termed the Warburg Effect, where after glycolysis, which coverts glucose into pyruvate and produces energy in the forms of ATP and NADH, the cells undergo lactic acid fermentation in their intercellular f ...
... initiation, growth, and resistance to treatments. Cancer cells produce energy through a process termed the Warburg Effect, where after glycolysis, which coverts glucose into pyruvate and produces energy in the forms of ATP and NADH, the cells undergo lactic acid fermentation in their intercellular f ...
Chapter 16
... - competitive feedback inhibition (NADH and ATP inhibit the rate-controlling enzymes (citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase)). 18. Ca2+ and ADP are activators of the citric acid cycle. 19. The major role of citric acid cycle in muscle cells is degradation of ac ...
... - competitive feedback inhibition (NADH and ATP inhibit the rate-controlling enzymes (citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase)). 18. Ca2+ and ADP are activators of the citric acid cycle. 19. The major role of citric acid cycle in muscle cells is degradation of ac ...
lecture CH21 chem131pikul
... • They increase the rate of a reaction (106 to 1012 times faster), but are unchanged themselves. • Enzymes are very specific; each enzyme catalyzes a certain reaction or type of reaction only. • The names of most enzymes end with the suffix -ase like peptidase, lipase, and hydrolase • A cofactor ...
... • They increase the rate of a reaction (106 to 1012 times faster), but are unchanged themselves. • Enzymes are very specific; each enzyme catalyzes a certain reaction or type of reaction only. • The names of most enzymes end with the suffix -ase like peptidase, lipase, and hydrolase • A cofactor ...
1. Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond
... related and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Each heading may be used once, more than once or not at all in each group. Questions 50. - 53. refer to the following diagram. ...
... related and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Each heading may be used once, more than once or not at all in each group. Questions 50. - 53. refer to the following diagram. ...
Protein synthesis and metabolism
... • Dietary amino acids (9 cannot be synthesized by the human body) • Alanine and glutamine from muscles ...
... • Dietary amino acids (9 cannot be synthesized by the human body) • Alanine and glutamine from muscles ...
An animal´s diet must supply carbon skeletons and essential nutrients
... Required only small amount – 0.01 to 100 mg per day 13 vitamins essential to humans Water-soluble vitamins generally function as coenzymes Fat-soluble – part in visual pigments (A), calcium absorption (D) etc. ...
... Required only small amount – 0.01 to 100 mg per day 13 vitamins essential to humans Water-soluble vitamins generally function as coenzymes Fat-soluble – part in visual pigments (A), calcium absorption (D) etc. ...
how cells obtain energy from food
... eat must be broken down into smaller molecules before our cells can use themeither as a source of energy or as building blocks for other molecules. EnzFnatic digestion breaks down the large polymeric molecules in food into their monomer subunits-proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into sugars ...
... eat must be broken down into smaller molecules before our cells can use themeither as a source of energy or as building blocks for other molecules. EnzFnatic digestion breaks down the large polymeric molecules in food into their monomer subunits-proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into sugars ...
Valid from Autumn 2016
... Course main content The course main content is listed below and serves as elementary knowledge for BB1230 Biochemistry 2 and other courses given by KTH School of Biotechnology. Chemical structures, functional groups, isomers and different types of chemical bonds Water as a solvent Biological buildin ...
... Course main content The course main content is listed below and serves as elementary knowledge for BB1230 Biochemistry 2 and other courses given by KTH School of Biotechnology. Chemical structures, functional groups, isomers and different types of chemical bonds Water as a solvent Biological buildin ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.