Understanding Acid Lability of Cysteine Protecting Groups
... Cysteine (Cys) is one of the key amino acids used by Nature to construct the most important biomolecules. From a chemical point of view, Cys, through its amine and carboxylic functions, forms part of the peptide backbone and, thanks to the thiol side chain, forms intra- and inter-molecular disulphid ...
... Cysteine (Cys) is one of the key amino acids used by Nature to construct the most important biomolecules. From a chemical point of view, Cys, through its amine and carboxylic functions, forms part of the peptide backbone and, thanks to the thiol side chain, forms intra- and inter-molecular disulphid ...
PDF - Circulation Research
... appears to play a pivotal role in fuel homeostasis of the body.4,5 The past 3 decades have also witnessed an increased understanding of the transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational control of metabolism, including the role of noncoding RNAs (eg, microRNAs or long noncoding RNAs) and sel ...
... appears to play a pivotal role in fuel homeostasis of the body.4,5 The past 3 decades have also witnessed an increased understanding of the transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational control of metabolism, including the role of noncoding RNAs (eg, microRNAs or long noncoding RNAs) and sel ...
VTC4 Is a Bifunctional Enzyme That Affects
... Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 ...
... Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 ...
Germinated lupine, Alkaloids, Stachyose, Raffinose, Availability of
... detriment in traditional food intake; this is leading to a state of protein-calorie malnutrition, with deteriorating health and increased morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases [2]. The increase in production and consumption of lupine, can help change this situation, through the offering of a ...
... detriment in traditional food intake; this is leading to a state of protein-calorie malnutrition, with deteriorating health and increased morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases [2]. The increase in production and consumption of lupine, can help change this situation, through the offering of a ...
Chemotaxis Assays for Marine and Freshwater Amoeba Jessica
... also benefit from this fitness advantage while living in such heterogeneous environments. One study on the soil-amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum suggested a strong chemotactic response towards folate, however the exact mechanisms by which this occurs remains unknown2. In fact, many questions remain i ...
... also benefit from this fitness advantage while living in such heterogeneous environments. One study on the soil-amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum suggested a strong chemotactic response towards folate, however the exact mechanisms by which this occurs remains unknown2. In fact, many questions remain i ...
... ABSTRACT: Hypoxia is well known to affect carbohydrate metabolism through its action on liver function and thus on glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to examine the carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolic responses to 48 h of hypoxia, as well as the hormonal adaptations using both norm ...
Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD+ metabolism in mitochondrial
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central metabolic cofactor in eukaryotic cells that plays a critical role in regulating cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. NAD+ in its reduced form (i.e. NADH) serves as the primary electron donor in mitochondrial respiratory chain, which involv ...
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central metabolic cofactor in eukaryotic cells that plays a critical role in regulating cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. NAD+ in its reduced form (i.e. NADH) serves as the primary electron donor in mitochondrial respiratory chain, which involv ...
PHS 398/2590 (Rev. 06/09) - Cardiovascular Research Training
... G. William Wong is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Dr. Wong received his Ph.D. degree from Harvard University, working on innate immunity, followed by post-doctoral tra ...
... G. William Wong is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Dr. Wong received his Ph.D. degree from Harvard University, working on innate immunity, followed by post-doctoral tra ...
URIC ACID METABOLISM AND MEDICATIONS I`m here to talk
... Does diet have an effect on serum uric acid levels? The answer to that does seem to be yes, and so although uric acid sits at the bottom end of the metabolic pathway that is essentially breaking down purines and so therefore the rate of endogenous breakdown of purines is, perhaps, the primary determ ...
... Does diet have an effect on serum uric acid levels? The answer to that does seem to be yes, and so although uric acid sits at the bottom end of the metabolic pathway that is essentially breaking down purines and so therefore the rate of endogenous breakdown of purines is, perhaps, the primary determ ...
Divalent Metal Ions in Plant Mitochondria and Their Role in
... amino acids such as Arg, Lys, Pro, and His, among a plethora of other poorly characterized consequences (Stadtman, 1990). It has been proposed that MCO of proteins can be a highly specific event where proteins are more susceptible to damage if they bind metal ions and when the site of protein oxidat ...
... amino acids such as Arg, Lys, Pro, and His, among a plethora of other poorly characterized consequences (Stadtman, 1990). It has been proposed that MCO of proteins can be a highly specific event where proteins are more susceptible to damage if they bind metal ions and when the site of protein oxidat ...
Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease - AJP
... acid oxidation: acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the lipogenic substrate and an allosteric inhibitor of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, decreasing delivery of acyl chains to the mitochondrial matrix for terminal oxidation [reviewed in (102 ...
... acid oxidation: acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the lipogenic substrate and an allosteric inhibitor of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, decreasing delivery of acyl chains to the mitochondrial matrix for terminal oxidation [reviewed in (102 ...
cell biology and membrane biochemistry
... organelle from its environment. This barrier is essential for the cell/organelle to sustain life and maintain its identity. Biological membranes are not just inert barriers but are dynamic, semi permeable and have a number of biochemical and physiological functions. There are two types of biological ...
... organelle from its environment. This barrier is essential for the cell/organelle to sustain life and maintain its identity. Biological membranes are not just inert barriers but are dynamic, semi permeable and have a number of biochemical and physiological functions. There are two types of biological ...
Transport of dicarboxylates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... the L-malate concentration in the culture medium was increased by 21.6 ± 7.6 µM after 12 h of the cell growth. After 1.4 h the cell isolation, succinate activated the respiration only by 13%. However, with the increase in the L-malate level in the cells and decrease in the oxaloacetate concentration ...
... the L-malate concentration in the culture medium was increased by 21.6 ± 7.6 µM after 12 h of the cell growth. After 1.4 h the cell isolation, succinate activated the respiration only by 13%. However, with the increase in the L-malate level in the cells and decrease in the oxaloacetate concentration ...
The effecTs of benzoic acid and proTein level on urine ph and
... diets was maintained by supplementation with rapeseed oil. The piglets were housed in metabolic cages and fed with two equal doses at 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. at a daily rate of 90 g. kg0.75. Water was offered ad libitum. Each experimental period consisted of a 6-d adapted and was followed by a 4-d collect ...
... diets was maintained by supplementation with rapeseed oil. The piglets were housed in metabolic cages and fed with two equal doses at 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. at a daily rate of 90 g. kg0.75. Water was offered ad libitum. Each experimental period consisted of a 6-d adapted and was followed by a 4-d collect ...
Regulation of Exogenous and Endogenous Glucose Metabolism by
... acid cycle. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the uptake of glucose by the heart is regulated by insulin. Further, the rate of glucose uptake is determined, in part, by the presence of competing substrates (2). Once exogenous glucose enters the cardiac myocyte, it can be metabolized to pyruvat ...
... acid cycle. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the uptake of glucose by the heart is regulated by insulin. Further, the rate of glucose uptake is determined, in part, by the presence of competing substrates (2). Once exogenous glucose enters the cardiac myocyte, it can be metabolized to pyruvat ...
47_Biochemistry of Connective Tissue
... In the spread of cancer cells. Several diseases (eg: Osteogenesis imperfecta and a number of types of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) are due to genetic disturbances of the synthesis of collagen. Components of proteoglycans are affected in the group of genetic disorders known as the mucopolysaccha ...
... In the spread of cancer cells. Several diseases (eg: Osteogenesis imperfecta and a number of types of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) are due to genetic disturbances of the synthesis of collagen. Components of proteoglycans are affected in the group of genetic disorders known as the mucopolysaccha ...
Plant Nucleotide Sugar Formation, Interconversion, and Salvage by
... cytosolic inulin serve as storage polysaccharides, whereas glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids are typically present at the cell surface where their functions vary from catalytic activities to maintaining membrane integrity and recognition. Much of the glycan in a plant is present in the w ...
... cytosolic inulin serve as storage polysaccharides, whereas glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids are typically present at the cell surface where their functions vary from catalytic activities to maintaining membrane integrity and recognition. Much of the glycan in a plant is present in the w ...
Responses of Growing Broilers to Diets with Increased Sulfur Amino
... strains was significantly different at placement and at the beginning of the experiment; therefore, estimation of differences due to genetics is limited. Birds receiving the HP diets demonstrated a 14% higher weight gain and an 8% improvement in feed conversion, due to a 5% higher feed intake. Data ...
... strains was significantly different at placement and at the beginning of the experiment; therefore, estimation of differences due to genetics is limited. Birds receiving the HP diets demonstrated a 14% higher weight gain and an 8% improvement in feed conversion, due to a 5% higher feed intake. Data ...
Chapter 4
... the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to the oxygen consumed (VCO2/VO2). In order for R to be used as an estimate of substrate utilization during exercise, the subject must have reached steady state. This is important because only during steady-state exercise are the VCO2 and VO2 reflective of meta ...
... the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to the oxygen consumed (VCO2/VO2). In order for R to be used as an estimate of substrate utilization during exercise, the subject must have reached steady state. This is important because only during steady-state exercise are the VCO2 and VO2 reflective of meta ...
NH2
... ADP and one AMP). 1 ATP ADP + Pi ~P 1 ATP ADP + Pi Adenosine ~ P 1 ATP AMP + Pi + Pi ~P ►However. One NADH+H molecule is produced by oxidative deamination of glutamate to NH3 and α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate provides the NH3 used in the initial synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate. ► Also fumarate in the ...
... ADP and one AMP). 1 ATP ADP + Pi ~P 1 ATP ADP + Pi Adenosine ~ P 1 ATP AMP + Pi + Pi ~P ►However. One NADH+H molecule is produced by oxidative deamination of glutamate to NH3 and α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate provides the NH3 used in the initial synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate. ► Also fumarate in the ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.