7.013 Problem Set 1 - MIT OpenCourseWare
... a) With the exception of germ cells, the nucleus of all somatic cells in your body carries two copies of each DNA segment or chromosome, which together make your genome. To fit the entire DNA into a tiny nucleus, the chromosomes are highly compacted through a variety of mechanisms. If however, they ...
... a) With the exception of germ cells, the nucleus of all somatic cells in your body carries two copies of each DNA segment or chromosome, which together make your genome. To fit the entire DNA into a tiny nucleus, the chromosomes are highly compacted through a variety of mechanisms. If however, they ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... • Provide the cell with usable energy as ATP • Cells with high energy demands make more mitochondria • Muscle cells have very high number of mitochondria • We breath to get oxygen to our mitochondria and to to rid ourselves of the carbon dioxide the mitochondria produce • The blood carries these gas ...
... • Provide the cell with usable energy as ATP • Cells with high energy demands make more mitochondria • Muscle cells have very high number of mitochondria • We breath to get oxygen to our mitochondria and to to rid ourselves of the carbon dioxide the mitochondria produce • The blood carries these gas ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... – It is a catabolic pathway that degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide. • Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH. ...
... – It is a catabolic pathway that degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide. • Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH. ...
Coenzymes – carry protons or electrons
... Reactions halt when equilibrium is met • Chemical equilibrium – when reactions go back and forth at the same rate – Energy not gained or lost ...
... Reactions halt when equilibrium is met • Chemical equilibrium – when reactions go back and forth at the same rate – Energy not gained or lost ...
Final Exam from S06
... T F The redox reactions that occur in the electron transport chains are endothermic reactions. T F Glycolysis is thought to be the most ancient pathway for the catabolism of glucose because it does not require O2. Which statement(s) are false about control of protein function by phosphorylation T F ...
... T F The redox reactions that occur in the electron transport chains are endothermic reactions. T F Glycolysis is thought to be the most ancient pathway for the catabolism of glucose because it does not require O2. Which statement(s) are false about control of protein function by phosphorylation T F ...
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
... pure hydrocarbon side chains have pI = 5.0 to 6.5 (average of the pKa’s) D and E have acidic side chains and a lower pI H, R, K have basic side chains and higher pI ...
... pure hydrocarbon side chains have pI = 5.0 to 6.5 (average of the pKa’s) D and E have acidic side chains and a lower pI H, R, K have basic side chains and higher pI ...
Ch. 16 Calendar
... *Identify that neutralization requires [H3O+] = [OH-], as opposed to requiring pH = 7, based on the dependence of Kw on temperature. *Use proton transfer to identify compounds as Bronsted-Lowry acids, bases, or neither. *Identify conjugate acid-base pairs. *Translate an observed chemical change in t ...
... *Identify that neutralization requires [H3O+] = [OH-], as opposed to requiring pH = 7, based on the dependence of Kw on temperature. *Use proton transfer to identify compounds as Bronsted-Lowry acids, bases, or neither. *Identify conjugate acid-base pairs. *Translate an observed chemical change in t ...
Slide 1
... hydrogens from glucose breakdown and become lactate. This conversion frees the coenzymes so that glycolysis can continue. NOTE: Other figures in this chapter focus narrowly on the carbons of pyruvate. Its oxygen group is included in this figure to more clearly illustrate this reaction. See definitio ...
... hydrogens from glucose breakdown and become lactate. This conversion frees the coenzymes so that glycolysis can continue. NOTE: Other figures in this chapter focus narrowly on the carbons of pyruvate. Its oxygen group is included in this figure to more clearly illustrate this reaction. See definitio ...
Allosteric enzymes
... • Enzyme activity is regulated to reflect physiological state • Rate of enzyme reaction depends on concentration of substrate, enzyme • Allosteric activators or inhibitors bind sites other than the active site: conformational • Mechanisms of regulation of enzyme activity include: feedback inhibition ...
... • Enzyme activity is regulated to reflect physiological state • Rate of enzyme reaction depends on concentration of substrate, enzyme • Allosteric activators or inhibitors bind sites other than the active site: conformational • Mechanisms of regulation of enzyme activity include: feedback inhibition ...
Energy Transfer Review notes
... The student is able to represent graphically or model quantitatively the exchange of molecules between an organism and its environment, and the subsequent use of these molecules to build new molecules that facilitate dynamic homeostasis, growth and reproduction. Overview: The Energy of Life Metaboli ...
... The student is able to represent graphically or model quantitatively the exchange of molecules between an organism and its environment, and the subsequent use of these molecules to build new molecules that facilitate dynamic homeostasis, growth and reproduction. Overview: The Energy of Life Metaboli ...
Requirements for Test Review-Solutions-Acid-Base-Grade 11-2015
... know experimentally which is the stronger electrolyte) (answer: light bulb experiment (which is brighter, more dim), rate of reaction with metal and metal carbonate for acids, measurement of pH) ...
... know experimentally which is the stronger electrolyte) (answer: light bulb experiment (which is brighter, more dim), rate of reaction with metal and metal carbonate for acids, measurement of pH) ...
Matter Physical Changes Chemical Changes Elements and the
... Atoms are the smallest particle of identified by indicators: color an element and are made of change, gas production, proton, electrons, and neutrons. temperature change, or formation of a precipitate. ...
... Atoms are the smallest particle of identified by indicators: color an element and are made of change, gas production, proton, electrons, and neutrons. temperature change, or formation of a precipitate. ...
Biology Unit 2 Exam Study Guide
... Biology Bio-Molecules Exam Study Guide This review does not contain the questions on the test. This review contains the information you should understand in order to apply your knowledge to the up-coming test questions. This knowledge should have been obtained from the activities, labs, lessons, and ...
... Biology Bio-Molecules Exam Study Guide This review does not contain the questions on the test. This review contains the information you should understand in order to apply your knowledge to the up-coming test questions. This knowledge should have been obtained from the activities, labs, lessons, and ...
How Cells Obtain Energy Cell Respiration
... in the thylakoids Light energy is transferred to electrons in chlorophyll Electrons are lost from chlorophyll and are passed along a series of cytochrome molecules called an electron transport chain H2O breaks down to donate electrons lost from chlorophyll so chlorophyll can respond to more light en ...
... in the thylakoids Light energy is transferred to electrons in chlorophyll Electrons are lost from chlorophyll and are passed along a series of cytochrome molecules called an electron transport chain H2O breaks down to donate electrons lost from chlorophyll so chlorophyll can respond to more light en ...
Addition Polymerisation - Dover College Science
... In nylon, the repeating units contain chains of carbon atoms. There are various different types of nylon depending on the nature of those chains. Nylon-6,6 is made from two monomers each of which contain ___ carbon atoms . One of the monomers is a 6 carbon acid with a -COOH group at each end, ______ ...
... In nylon, the repeating units contain chains of carbon atoms. There are various different types of nylon depending on the nature of those chains. Nylon-6,6 is made from two monomers each of which contain ___ carbon atoms . One of the monomers is a 6 carbon acid with a -COOH group at each end, ______ ...
Adenosine Triphosphate-ATP: The main molecule used by cells for
... is blood sugar. C6H12O6 is made by plants from six atoms of carbon and six molecules of water, H2O. Carboxyl group: A common component of molecules that is composed of one carbon, two oxygens, and one hydrogen atom bonded together. Carboxyl groups are acidic and make up the “heads” of fatty acids. T ...
... is blood sugar. C6H12O6 is made by plants from six atoms of carbon and six molecules of water, H2O. Carboxyl group: A common component of molecules that is composed of one carbon, two oxygens, and one hydrogen atom bonded together. Carboxyl groups are acidic and make up the “heads” of fatty acids. T ...
5)qualitative_tests_of_proteins
... - Protein (from the Greek protas meaning "of primary importance") is a complex, highmolecular-weight organic compound that consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. - Proteins are natural polymer molecules consisting of amino acid units. The number of amino acids in proteins may range from tw ...
... - Protein (from the Greek protas meaning "of primary importance") is a complex, highmolecular-weight organic compound that consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. - Proteins are natural polymer molecules consisting of amino acid units. The number of amino acids in proteins may range from tw ...
CITRIC ACID (KREB`S, TCA) CYCLE
... is the major source of reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2) used by the cell to generate ATP (via oxidative phosphorylation). ...
... is the major source of reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2) used by the cell to generate ATP (via oxidative phosphorylation). ...
Introduction: As the building blocks of proteins, amino acids play a
... Introduction: As the building blocks of proteins, amino acids play a key cellular role in structure and function. Proteins themselves participate in nearly every physiological event in the cell. In order to understand acid-base properties of proteins and their behavior as polyionic macromolecules, w ...
... Introduction: As the building blocks of proteins, amino acids play a key cellular role in structure and function. Proteins themselves participate in nearly every physiological event in the cell. In order to understand acid-base properties of proteins and their behavior as polyionic macromolecules, w ...
Cellular Respiration
... molecule The remaining 2 carbons are oxidized to form acetate, producing NADH They then combine with a molecule called Coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA ...
... molecule The remaining 2 carbons are oxidized to form acetate, producing NADH They then combine with a molecule called Coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA ...
06_Isoenzymes. Enzymodiagnostics. Enzymopathy. Enzymotherapy
... Allosteric enzymes have a second regulatory site (allosteric site) distinct from the active site Allosteric enzymes contain more than one polypeptide chain (have quaternary structure). Allosteric modulators bind noncovalently to allosteric site and regulate enzyme activity via conformational ...
... Allosteric enzymes have a second regulatory site (allosteric site) distinct from the active site Allosteric enzymes contain more than one polypeptide chain (have quaternary structure). Allosteric modulators bind noncovalently to allosteric site and regulate enzyme activity via conformational ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.