AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM ** Dr. Mohammed Abdullateef **
... The toxicity is due to the reason that increased concentration of ammonia in the blood and other biological fluids → ammonia difuses into cells, across blood/brain barrier → increased synthesis of glutamate from a-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase, increased synthesis of glutamine. Alpha keto ...
... The toxicity is due to the reason that increased concentration of ammonia in the blood and other biological fluids → ammonia difuses into cells, across blood/brain barrier → increased synthesis of glutamate from a-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase, increased synthesis of glutamine. Alpha keto ...
cellular respiration study guide
... 3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy? ...
... 3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy? ...
Where is the energy transfer?
... How is a concentration gradient important in the process shown here? What is the significance of the inner membrane being folded? ...
... How is a concentration gradient important in the process shown here? What is the significance of the inner membrane being folded? ...
Review session for exam-I
... to pyruvate in the glycolytic pathway, ___ molecules of ATP are used initially (Phase I) and ____ molecules of ATP are produced (Phase II) for an overall yield of ___ molecules of ATP/glucose. The "ATP math" is: ...
... to pyruvate in the glycolytic pathway, ___ molecules of ATP are used initially (Phase I) and ____ molecules of ATP are produced (Phase II) for an overall yield of ___ molecules of ATP/glucose. The "ATP math" is: ...
Cellular respiration
... pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. This was ...
... pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. This was ...
mRNA translation
... The C-terminus end of the peptide in the P-site is coupled to the N-terminus of amino acid in the A-site mRNA binding site Conformational changes cause the shift of the mRNA by exactly three nucleotides so that a new AA-site becomes available ...
... The C-terminus end of the peptide in the P-site is coupled to the N-terminus of amino acid in the A-site mRNA binding site Conformational changes cause the shift of the mRNA by exactly three nucleotides so that a new AA-site becomes available ...
BI1
... Any two from, covalent/disulphide bridges; ionic/salt bridges; hydrogen bonds; hydrophobic bonds. ...
... Any two from, covalent/disulphide bridges; ionic/salt bridges; hydrogen bonds; hydrophobic bonds. ...
ENZYMES
... a. _______ Add more enzyme b. _______ Add more substrate c. _______ Adjust pH to optimal level (Optimal Means Perfect Conditions) d. _______ Freezing e. _______ Increase temperature slightly ...
... a. _______ Add more enzyme b. _______ Add more substrate c. _______ Adjust pH to optimal level (Optimal Means Perfect Conditions) d. _______ Freezing e. _______ Increase temperature slightly ...
ATPs and - Walton High
... groups come from 2 ATP, which are converted to ADP. (Glucose is phosphorylated!) STEP 2 - The 6-C compound formed in Step 1 is split into 2 3-C molecules of PGAL. STEP 3 - The 2 PGAL molecules are oxidized (LEO), and each receives a phosphate group forming 2 new 3-C compounds. The phosphate groups a ...
... groups come from 2 ATP, which are converted to ADP. (Glucose is phosphorylated!) STEP 2 - The 6-C compound formed in Step 1 is split into 2 3-C molecules of PGAL. STEP 3 - The 2 PGAL molecules are oxidized (LEO), and each receives a phosphate group forming 2 new 3-C compounds. The phosphate groups a ...
What Are Enzymes?
... our survival. However, our bodies are pretty smart; they use enzymes to keep levels under control. ...
... our survival. However, our bodies are pretty smart; they use enzymes to keep levels under control. ...
structural
... The ‘cross-linkages’ in cellulose are not digestible by starch-digesting enzymes, so animals cannot eat wood unless they have bacterial endosymbionts. Decomposing fungi and bacteria also have these enzymes, and can access the huge amount of energy in cellulose. ...
... The ‘cross-linkages’ in cellulose are not digestible by starch-digesting enzymes, so animals cannot eat wood unless they have bacterial endosymbionts. Decomposing fungi and bacteria also have these enzymes, and can access the huge amount of energy in cellulose. ...
6- Fed Fast Cycle- ENDO
... In the absorptive state, more amino acids are present than the liver can use for synthesis of proteins (i.e. more than liver capacity to synthesize proteins) Excess amino acids are not stored in any form BUT, they are released to blood to other tissues for protein synthesis or, deaminated in liver i ...
... In the absorptive state, more amino acids are present than the liver can use for synthesis of proteins (i.e. more than liver capacity to synthesize proteins) Excess amino acids are not stored in any form BUT, they are released to blood to other tissues for protein synthesis or, deaminated in liver i ...
BIOLOGY 100 CHALLENGE EXAM information
... Which of the following is/are true concerning metabolic pathways? a. The products of a metabolic reaction will always contain more energy than did the reactants. b. They occur in an orderly series of chemical reactions. c. They may cause the formation or breakdown of molecules. d. They are able to s ...
... Which of the following is/are true concerning metabolic pathways? a. The products of a metabolic reaction will always contain more energy than did the reactants. b. They occur in an orderly series of chemical reactions. c. They may cause the formation or breakdown of molecules. d. They are able to s ...
fed fast cycle
... In the absorptive state, more amino acids are present than the liver can use for synthesis of proteins (i.e. more than liver capacity to synthesize proteins) Excess amino acids are not stored in any form BUT, they are released to blood to other tissues for protein synthesis or, deaminated in liver i ...
... In the absorptive state, more amino acids are present than the liver can use for synthesis of proteins (i.e. more than liver capacity to synthesize proteins) Excess amino acids are not stored in any form BUT, they are released to blood to other tissues for protein synthesis or, deaminated in liver i ...
It`s Alive! ...Or Not!
... • Carbohydrates come in two basic forms: complex and simple. • Simple carbs are one, two, or at most three units of sugar linked together in single molecules. • Complex carbs are hundreds or thousands of sugar units linked together in single molecules. • Simple sugars are easily identified by their ...
... • Carbohydrates come in two basic forms: complex and simple. • Simple carbs are one, two, or at most three units of sugar linked together in single molecules. • Complex carbs are hundreds or thousands of sugar units linked together in single molecules. • Simple sugars are easily identified by their ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Substrates for Gluconeogenesis - Include all intermediates of glycolysis and citric acid cycle, glycerol, lactate and the α-keto acids obtained from deamination of glucogenic amino acids. -Glycerol: obtained from the hydrolysis of the triglycerides in adipose tissue, travels to liver which is phosp ...
... Substrates for Gluconeogenesis - Include all intermediates of glycolysis and citric acid cycle, glycerol, lactate and the α-keto acids obtained from deamination of glucogenic amino acids. -Glycerol: obtained from the hydrolysis of the triglycerides in adipose tissue, travels to liver which is phosp ...
Cellular Respiration Part 3
... is the 1st molecule formed in the cycle • Called the Krebs Cycle after Hans Krebs – the researcher who discovered it • Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria • Involves 2 electron carriers – NADH and FADH2 • The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FAD ...
... is the 1st molecule formed in the cycle • Called the Krebs Cycle after Hans Krebs – the researcher who discovered it • Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria • Involves 2 electron carriers – NADH and FADH2 • The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FAD ...
Chem 100 Unit 5 Biochemistry
... Lipids are large molecules that are not soluble in water. They are soluble in nonpolar solvents. The most common lipid is fat. But steroids and fat soluble vitamins are also classed with lipids. Function of lipids Important part of almost all cells Found in cell membranes and brain and nervous tissu ...
... Lipids are large molecules that are not soluble in water. They are soluble in nonpolar solvents. The most common lipid is fat. But steroids and fat soluble vitamins are also classed with lipids. Function of lipids Important part of almost all cells Found in cell membranes and brain and nervous tissu ...
RNA - Mr. Dudley's Website
... DNA does not leave the Nucleus The DNA code needs to “written” in RNA form that can leave the nucleus Process is similar to DNA replication on the leading strand. ...
... DNA does not leave the Nucleus The DNA code needs to “written” in RNA form that can leave the nucleus Process is similar to DNA replication on the leading strand. ...
Chapter 7
... carbohydrate metabolism Warburg effect- cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation Used to diagnose cancers in PET scans Glycolytic enzymes overexpressed in 80% of all types of cancers Caused by genetic and environmental factorsmutations and low oxygen ...
... carbohydrate metabolism Warburg effect- cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation Used to diagnose cancers in PET scans Glycolytic enzymes overexpressed in 80% of all types of cancers Caused by genetic and environmental factorsmutations and low oxygen ...
Eukaryotes - Alice Pevyhouse
... • Continuing extensions of the experiments with best estimates of the early Earth’s atmosphere continue at a modest level. • Experiments can produce amino acids, sugars. • No experiment to date has produced self-replicating molecules. • All of the chemistry is driven by the energy input in the form ...
... • Continuing extensions of the experiments with best estimates of the early Earth’s atmosphere continue at a modest level. • Experiments can produce amino acids, sugars. • No experiment to date has produced self-replicating molecules. • All of the chemistry is driven by the energy input in the form ...
01 Structure, properties and biological functions of proteins
... two major types: fibrous proteins and globular proteins. • А fibrous protein is а protein that has а long, thin, fibrous shape. Such proteins are made up of long rod-shaped or stringlike molecules that can intertwine with one another and form strong fibers. They are water-insoluble and generally hav ...
... two major types: fibrous proteins and globular proteins. • А fibrous protein is а protein that has а long, thin, fibrous shape. Such proteins are made up of long rod-shaped or stringlike molecules that can intertwine with one another and form strong fibers. They are water-insoluble and generally hav ...
protein_mol_biophysics_slides
... - Many terms in the Hamiltonian - System is not solvable analytically Monte Carlo simulations are very useful for these kinds of systems - Interested in relaxation times (non-equilibrium dynamics), as well as final configurations (equilibrium). ...
... - Many terms in the Hamiltonian - System is not solvable analytically Monte Carlo simulations are very useful for these kinds of systems - Interested in relaxation times (non-equilibrium dynamics), as well as final configurations (equilibrium). ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.