Biochemistry of Amino acid
... structure-function relationships of peptides and proteins. The hydrophobic amino acids will generally be encountered in the interior of proteins shielded from direct contact with water. Conversely, the hydrophilic amino acids are generally found on the exterior of proteins as well as in the active c ...
... structure-function relationships of peptides and proteins. The hydrophobic amino acids will generally be encountered in the interior of proteins shielded from direct contact with water. Conversely, the hydrophilic amino acids are generally found on the exterior of proteins as well as in the active c ...
AP Biology Ch. 9 Cellular Respiration
... without oxygen. It only releases a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis: the first step of breaking down glucose—it splits glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3C each) ...
... without oxygen. It only releases a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis: the first step of breaking down glucose—it splits glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3C each) ...
Amino acid metabolism: Disposal of Nitrogen
... (a TCA cycle intermediate and glucogenic compound) Valine and isoleucine are branched-chain amino acids They generate propionyl CoA that is converted to succinyl CoA by biotin- and vitamin B12– requiring reactions Threonine is dehydrated to α-ketobutyrate, which is converted to propionyl CoA and the ...
... (a TCA cycle intermediate and glucogenic compound) Valine and isoleucine are branched-chain amino acids They generate propionyl CoA that is converted to succinyl CoA by biotin- and vitamin B12– requiring reactions Threonine is dehydrated to α-ketobutyrate, which is converted to propionyl CoA and the ...
20. Biochemistry of Muscles and Connective Tissue
... •elastin are constituents of connective tissue of ...
... •elastin are constituents of connective tissue of ...
Gluconeogenesis Lecture
... Glucose is the only source of energy: 1. nervous system 2.Skeletal system Glucose is required : 1. Adipose tissues: as a source of glycerol 2.Mammary gland:as a source of lacotse ...
... Glucose is the only source of energy: 1. nervous system 2.Skeletal system Glucose is required : 1. Adipose tissues: as a source of glycerol 2.Mammary gland:as a source of lacotse ...
Chapter 19 Lipid Metabolism
... Step 2: β-oxidation Each round of β-oxidation produces one mole of NADH, one mole of FADH2 and one mole of acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA--- the end product of each round of β-oxidation--- then enters the TCA cycle, where it is further oxidized to CO2 with the concomitant generation of three moles of N ...
... Step 2: β-oxidation Each round of β-oxidation produces one mole of NADH, one mole of FADH2 and one mole of acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA--- the end product of each round of β-oxidation--- then enters the TCA cycle, where it is further oxidized to CO2 with the concomitant generation of three moles of N ...
Last updated: September 14, 2010 02:43 AM
... There is a special class of lipids that are related to the fats, but with a significant difference. These are the phospholipids, an example of which is shown in the middle of the LIPIDS handout. Two of the glycerol hydroxyls are connected to long chain fatty acids, but the third is connected to quit ...
... There is a special class of lipids that are related to the fats, but with a significant difference. These are the phospholipids, an example of which is shown in the middle of the LIPIDS handout. Two of the glycerol hydroxyls are connected to long chain fatty acids, but the third is connected to quit ...
Carbohydrate Catabolism Cellular Respiration
... – Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon sugar molecules – Net gain of two ATP molecules – Two molecules of NADH ...
... – Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon sugar molecules – Net gain of two ATP molecules – Two molecules of NADH ...
Industrial Biotechnology
... • This is the simplest of the three, and the driving force is the difference in concentration of the solute across the border. • The carrier in the membrane merely helps increase the rate of passage through the membrane, and not the final concentration in the cell. • (ii) Active transport: • This oc ...
... • This is the simplest of the three, and the driving force is the difference in concentration of the solute across the border. • The carrier in the membrane merely helps increase the rate of passage through the membrane, and not the final concentration in the cell. • (ii) Active transport: • This oc ...
Lecture_4_Glycolysis
... The formation of glyceraldehyde 1,3-bisphosphate can be thought of as occurring in two steps: the highly exergonic oxidation of carbon 1 in GAP to an acid, and the highly endergonic formation of glyceraldehyde 1, 3bisphosphate from the acid. These two reaction are linked by the formation of an ene ...
... The formation of glyceraldehyde 1,3-bisphosphate can be thought of as occurring in two steps: the highly exergonic oxidation of carbon 1 in GAP to an acid, and the highly endergonic formation of glyceraldehyde 1, 3bisphosphate from the acid. These two reaction are linked by the formation of an ene ...
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
... for other amino acids are shown in yellow. The nine essential amino acids are shown in boldface. The carbon skeletons come from intermediates of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the citric acid cycle. On the basis of the starting points the 20 amino acids can be group into 6 categories ...
... for other amino acids are shown in yellow. The nine essential amino acids are shown in boldface. The carbon skeletons come from intermediates of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the citric acid cycle. On the basis of the starting points the 20 amino acids can be group into 6 categories ...
ch24a_wcr
... transport chain carries out oxidative phosphorylation, which accounts for most of the ATP generated by cellular respiration. ...
... transport chain carries out oxidative phosphorylation, which accounts for most of the ATP generated by cellular respiration. ...
Example Problem Set for CHEM106 Section 002 Test 2
... effectiveness in the treatment of stomach cancer. The compound absorbs at 260 nm with a molar absorptivity () value of 26 mM-1cm-1. You isolate a new batch of the compound and measure the absorbance of the sample in a 1.0 cm pathlength cuvette at 260 nm. If the absorbance you measured was 0.443, wh ...
... effectiveness in the treatment of stomach cancer. The compound absorbs at 260 nm with a molar absorptivity () value of 26 mM-1cm-1. You isolate a new batch of the compound and measure the absorbance of the sample in a 1.0 cm pathlength cuvette at 260 nm. If the absorbance you measured was 0.443, wh ...
biotin and folacin 413
... vary from species to species and are influenced by age, sex, and physiological conditions such as pregnancy, breast-feeding, physical exercise, and nutrition. ...
... vary from species to species and are influenced by age, sex, and physiological conditions such as pregnancy, breast-feeding, physical exercise, and nutrition. ...
in the presence of oxygen
... • Muscles only contain enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity ...
... • Muscles only contain enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity ...
An Overview of Cellular Respiration 2017
... Living things, from bacteria to humans, use similar pathways one of these is: Cellular Respiration: process of enzymes converting the energy in macromolecules (foods like starch or glycogen) or smaller molecules (like glucose) into usable form (ATP) So what does ATP stand for? ...
... Living things, from bacteria to humans, use similar pathways one of these is: Cellular Respiration: process of enzymes converting the energy in macromolecules (foods like starch or glycogen) or smaller molecules (like glucose) into usable form (ATP) So what does ATP stand for? ...
Summary of Chapter 24
... • Urea cycle is regulated by [N-acetyl-glutamate] which activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. 1. Breakdown of proteins produces amino acids including Glu. 2. Glu is acetylated by acetyl-glutamate synthase. 3. N-acetyl-glutamate activates urea cycle. ...
... • Urea cycle is regulated by [N-acetyl-glutamate] which activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. 1. Breakdown of proteins produces amino acids including Glu. 2. Glu is acetylated by acetyl-glutamate synthase. 3. N-acetyl-glutamate activates urea cycle. ...
Final Exam - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... e) A Google search for “coffee and antioxidants” indicates that coffee is an excellent source of antioxidants that help to detoxify “reactive oxygen species (ROS)”. What major metabolic process generates ROS in the cell? (1 pt) ...
... e) A Google search for “coffee and antioxidants” indicates that coffee is an excellent source of antioxidants that help to detoxify “reactive oxygen species (ROS)”. What major metabolic process generates ROS in the cell? (1 pt) ...
Objectives 12
... - muscle lacks glucose-6-Pase cannot synthesize glucose; instead breakdown of glycogen (via glycogen phosphorylase) provides energy by feeding glucose-6-P into glycolysis pyruvate anaerobic LDH lactate or pyruvate Acetyl CoA via PDH CO2 via citric acid cycle 2. Synthesis of glucose (glu ...
... - muscle lacks glucose-6-Pase cannot synthesize glucose; instead breakdown of glycogen (via glycogen phosphorylase) provides energy by feeding glucose-6-P into glycolysis pyruvate anaerobic LDH lactate or pyruvate Acetyl CoA via PDH CO2 via citric acid cycle 2. Synthesis of glucose (glu ...
Chapter 3
... present, to generate energy by respiration, but they can use the fermentation pathway to synthesize ATP in the absence of sufficient oxygen. 3. The third group of bacteria consists of the obligate anaerobes, such as Clostridium tetani, which cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack ei ...
... present, to generate energy by respiration, but they can use the fermentation pathway to synthesize ATP in the absence of sufficient oxygen. 3. The third group of bacteria consists of the obligate anaerobes, such as Clostridium tetani, which cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack ei ...
Chapter 9 Lecture Slides - Tanque Verde Unified School District
... What do the Calvin cycle and the Citric acid cycle have in common? A. The molecule used in the first reaction is also one of the end products. B. Both require input of ATP molecules. C. Both generate ADP. D. From every turn of the cycle, two molecules of carbon dioxide are produced. ...
... What do the Calvin cycle and the Citric acid cycle have in common? A. The molecule used in the first reaction is also one of the end products. B. Both require input of ATP molecules. C. Both generate ADP. D. From every turn of the cycle, two molecules of carbon dioxide are produced. ...
Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical energy
... and a few steps before it, occurs inside mitochondria. The 2 pyruvates are broken down to CO2, which leaves the cell. During the reactions, 8 NAD+ and 2 FAD pick up electrons and hydrogen atoms, so 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 form. 2 ATP also form. The third and final stage, electron ...
... and a few steps before it, occurs inside mitochondria. The 2 pyruvates are broken down to CO2, which leaves the cell. During the reactions, 8 NAD+ and 2 FAD pick up electrons and hydrogen atoms, so 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 form. 2 ATP also form. The third and final stage, electron ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.