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No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... B. Carbon atoms are removed from the acyl chain one at a time. C. Before oxidation, fatty acids must be converted to their CoA derivatives. D. NADP+ is the electron acceptor. Carnitine is: A. One of the amino acids commonly found in protein. B. Present only in carnivorous animals. C. Essential for i ...
SBT-production - Webarchiv ETHZ / Webarchive ETH
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... For SBT-production, a viable organism is required: Side reactions may be essential for growth! Genes cannot be deleted as required since SBT path is part of the central carbon metabolism. Key question: To which extent can the production pathway be isolated from the rest of the metabolic network for ...
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... containing a variety of components that are free to move laterally • A high level of unsaturated fatty acids contributes to the fluidity of the membrane because the intermolecular attractions are weaker • Cholesterol adds to the rigidity and strength of the membrane • Proteins are also part of the m ...
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No Slide Title

... •- synthesized from oxygen and the amino acid arginine. Not stored in vesicles. •- diffuses into its target cell rather than a membrane bound receptor and binds to proteins and nucleic acids. •- it has a half-life of about 2-30s. • - For example, NO is synthesized in the endothelial lining of blood ...
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... • Made of chains of flagellin • Attached to a protein hook • Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body Figure 4.8 ...
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Metabolism



Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.
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