Metabolism & Enzymes
... most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on localized conditions pepsin (stomach) = pH 2-3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 ...
... most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on localized conditions pepsin (stomach) = pH 2-3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 ...
amino acids
... • may hydrolyze into its constituent amino acids under conditions of elevated temperature or high pH. At room temperature, it is most stable at pH 4.3, where its half-life is nearly 300 days. At pH 7, however, its half-life is only a few days ...
... • may hydrolyze into its constituent amino acids under conditions of elevated temperature or high pH. At room temperature, it is most stable at pH 4.3, where its half-life is nearly 300 days. At pH 7, however, its half-life is only a few days ...
Plant Physiology Online: Gibberellin Biosynthesis
... Terpenoids are compounds made up of 5-carbon isoprenoid building blocks, joined head to tail. The GAs are diterpenoids that are formed from four such isoprenoid units. They are assembled to give a 20-carbon linear molecule, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). The stepwise conversion of GGPP to the fi ...
... Terpenoids are compounds made up of 5-carbon isoprenoid building blocks, joined head to tail. The GAs are diterpenoids that are formed from four such isoprenoid units. They are assembled to give a 20-carbon linear molecule, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). The stepwise conversion of GGPP to the fi ...
ICBEnzyEvol
... Normally, we have seen that the amino acids sequences are obtained from nucleotide sequences by using the universal genetic mapping table. Generating the nucleotide sequences from the amino acid sequences is a concept of reverse process. For a particular amino acid sequences, there can be numerous n ...
... Normally, we have seen that the amino acids sequences are obtained from nucleotide sequences by using the universal genetic mapping table. Generating the nucleotide sequences from the amino acid sequences is a concept of reverse process. For a particular amino acid sequences, there can be numerous n ...
Word
... Most long chain carbohydrates are broken down in the stomach The mucosal cells of the intestines express the salivary amylases necessary to break down starches Absorption of fructose requires a Na+/K+ ATPase Galactose and glucose use the same route of uptake into the enterocytes People who cannot di ...
... Most long chain carbohydrates are broken down in the stomach The mucosal cells of the intestines express the salivary amylases necessary to break down starches Absorption of fructose requires a Na+/K+ ATPase Galactose and glucose use the same route of uptake into the enterocytes People who cannot di ...
Review Sheet : DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis
... For each process below, identify where it occurs in the cell and what is produced. Replication: Nucleus, identical DNA strand Transcription: Nucleus, mRNA ...
... For each process below, identify where it occurs in the cell and what is produced. Replication: Nucleus, identical DNA strand Transcription: Nucleus, mRNA ...
Document
... Pyruvate is decarboxylate to make Acetyl CoA. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a huge enzyme complex containing three enzymes and five coenzymes. It contains five of the vitamins that we talked about on Friday- these are all used to get pyruvate admitted to the TCA cycle. Slide 5 Pyruvate is decarboxylat ...
... Pyruvate is decarboxylate to make Acetyl CoA. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a huge enzyme complex containing three enzymes and five coenzymes. It contains five of the vitamins that we talked about on Friday- these are all used to get pyruvate admitted to the TCA cycle. Slide 5 Pyruvate is decarboxylat ...
Cancer_JC_presentation_2009
... constitutive signaling through EGFR and PI3K, and it depends on flux through the PPP • Antioxidants can reverse the metabolic defect, independent of glucose uptake, by increasing flux through the PPP • Antioxidants can enhance the transforming activity of oncogenic cells. ...
... constitutive signaling through EGFR and PI3K, and it depends on flux through the PPP • Antioxidants can reverse the metabolic defect, independent of glucose uptake, by increasing flux through the PPP • Antioxidants can enhance the transforming activity of oncogenic cells. ...
1. phylum: firmicutes - Fermentation-SN
... Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus. The mycoplasmas, or Mollicutes, lack a cell wall, but are close relatives of Clostridium—many species, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, are pathogenic to humans. Micrococcus spp. differ from Staphylococcus in that they are obligate aerobes that are ...
... Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus. The mycoplasmas, or Mollicutes, lack a cell wall, but are close relatives of Clostridium—many species, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, are pathogenic to humans. Micrococcus spp. differ from Staphylococcus in that they are obligate aerobes that are ...
Section A:
... Since the inhibitor has all of the same features as the true substrate, e.g. bases for BamH1 to recognize, negative charges on the backbone, etc, the binding of both DNA molecules should be the same. If KI = 1 nM, and if [sDNA]=1nM in the reaction, then α=1+[I]/KI = 2. The slope of the double recipr ...
... Since the inhibitor has all of the same features as the true substrate, e.g. bases for BamH1 to recognize, negative charges on the backbone, etc, the binding of both DNA molecules should be the same. If KI = 1 nM, and if [sDNA]=1nM in the reaction, then α=1+[I]/KI = 2. The slope of the double recipr ...
PowerPoint - 2014 Science Interns
... cooled before enzymes that break down sugars into lactic acid can be added. If A acidocaldarius is used, the liquid from the acid pretreatment will not have to be cooled or neutralized as extensively and the bacteria will break down the sugars directly into lactic acid, cutting out intermediate step ...
... cooled before enzymes that break down sugars into lactic acid can be added. If A acidocaldarius is used, the liquid from the acid pretreatment will not have to be cooled or neutralized as extensively and the bacteria will break down the sugars directly into lactic acid, cutting out intermediate step ...
bio cleaning solutions - Green Worx Cleaning Solutions
... range of degradation capabilities needed for a multi-purpose product efficacious in the cleaning and deodorising and maintenance of artificial grass, waste degradation and cleaning and odour control. In their natural environment, bacteria produce hundreds of enzymes in response to the organics prese ...
... range of degradation capabilities needed for a multi-purpose product efficacious in the cleaning and deodorising and maintenance of artificial grass, waste degradation and cleaning and odour control. In their natural environment, bacteria produce hundreds of enzymes in response to the organics prese ...
Endocrine PhysiologyPANCREAS
... – insulin is secreted in great quantity when there is great abundance of energy-giving foods in the diet (carbohydrates) – stored as glycogen mainly in the liver and muscles – converted into fats and stored in the adipose tissue – promoting amino acid uptake by cells and conversion of these amino ac ...
... – insulin is secreted in great quantity when there is great abundance of energy-giving foods in the diet (carbohydrates) – stored as glycogen mainly in the liver and muscles – converted into fats and stored in the adipose tissue – promoting amino acid uptake by cells and conversion of these amino ac ...
Chapter 9: Pathways that Harvest Chemical
... chemical fuel is the sugar glucose (C6H12O6). Other molecules, including other carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, can also supply energy. However, to release their energy they must be converted into glucose or intermediate compounds that can enter into the various pathways of glucose metabolism. In ...
... chemical fuel is the sugar glucose (C6H12O6). Other molecules, including other carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, can also supply energy. However, to release their energy they must be converted into glucose or intermediate compounds that can enter into the various pathways of glucose metabolism. In ...
Effects of organic acids and low pH on Rhizobium
... added and the radioactivity was determined in a Packard TriCarb 2000CA scintillation counter. T o measure radioactivity that was bound non-specifically to the bacteria rather than contained within them, the cell membranes were permeabilized prior to adding radioactive benzoate by incubating the bact ...
... added and the radioactivity was determined in a Packard TriCarb 2000CA scintillation counter. T o measure radioactivity that was bound non-specifically to the bacteria rather than contained within them, the cell membranes were permeabilized prior to adding radioactive benzoate by incubating the bact ...
Slides
... of A, V and G, plus what you know about peptide bonding allows you to complete the covalent bond structure. -- So, when does the primary structure not fully describe the covalent bond network? -- BTW, this is a HUGE pet peeve of mine…there is no such thing as a primary sequence, despite its rather c ...
... of A, V and G, plus what you know about peptide bonding allows you to complete the covalent bond structure. -- So, when does the primary structure not fully describe the covalent bond network? -- BTW, this is a HUGE pet peeve of mine…there is no such thing as a primary sequence, despite its rather c ...
Codon - Cloudfront.net
... DNA and Translation • Gene: section of DNA that creates a specific protein – Approx 25,000 human genes • Proteins are used to build cells and tissue • Protein synthesis involves two processes: 1) Transcription 2) Translation ...
... DNA and Translation • Gene: section of DNA that creates a specific protein – Approx 25,000 human genes • Proteins are used to build cells and tissue • Protein synthesis involves two processes: 1) Transcription 2) Translation ...
Translation
... dried cell - In eukaryotic cell the ribosomes either free in the cytosol or in close association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Mitochondria contains their own set of ribosomes. ...
... dried cell - In eukaryotic cell the ribosomes either free in the cytosol or in close association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Mitochondria contains their own set of ribosomes. ...
The Necessity of Classifying
... Rules for Biological Classification 1. Each group on one level of the hierarchy may be divided into several groups on the next lower level. 2. Each group in the hierarchy has various characteristics that all of the levels under the group posses. 3. Each level of the hierarchy can be divided into sm ...
... Rules for Biological Classification 1. Each group on one level of the hierarchy may be divided into several groups on the next lower level. 2. Each group in the hierarchy has various characteristics that all of the levels under the group posses. 3. Each level of the hierarchy can be divided into sm ...
Translation
... dried cell - In eukaryotic cell the ribosomes either free in the cytosol or in close association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Mitochondria contains their own set of ribosomes. ...
... dried cell - In eukaryotic cell the ribosomes either free in the cytosol or in close association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Mitochondria contains their own set of ribosomes. ...
Bacterial Fermentation
... and they are the first limb of the anaerobic food chain. Polymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, DNA and lipids are attacked by extracellular enzymes and broken into smaller units which are taken up by the initial degrader or other fermenters. Fermentable monomers include ...
... and they are the first limb of the anaerobic food chain. Polymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, DNA and lipids are attacked by extracellular enzymes and broken into smaller units which are taken up by the initial degrader or other fermenters. Fermentable monomers include ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.