Slide 1 - MacWilliams Biology
... I. The Genetic Code A. INTRODUCTION 1. First step in decoding genetic messages transcribe a nucleotide base sequence from DNA to RNA. 2. Transcribed information contains a code for making proteins. 3. Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains, called polypeptides. 4. As ma ...
... I. The Genetic Code A. INTRODUCTION 1. First step in decoding genetic messages transcribe a nucleotide base sequence from DNA to RNA. 2. Transcribed information contains a code for making proteins. 3. Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains, called polypeptides. 4. As ma ...
2 Properties Carboxylic Acids GOB Structures
... At the pH of the aqueous environment in the cells, • the carboxylic acids are dissociated. • it is actually the carboxylate ions that take part in the reactions of the citric acid cycle. For example, in water, succinic acid is in equilibrium with its carboxylate ion, succinate. ...
... At the pH of the aqueous environment in the cells, • the carboxylic acids are dissociated. • it is actually the carboxylate ions that take part in the reactions of the citric acid cycle. For example, in water, succinic acid is in equilibrium with its carboxylate ion, succinate. ...
Objectives Compare and contrast how autotrophs and heterotrophs
... An automobile engine is called an internal combustion (burning) engine. This type of engine mixes oxygen with gasoline in a very fast chemical reaction that results in the molecules of gasoline breaking down. The reaction releases thermal energy as heat, which is then used to power the car. The main ...
... An automobile engine is called an internal combustion (burning) engine. This type of engine mixes oxygen with gasoline in a very fast chemical reaction that results in the molecules of gasoline breaking down. The reaction releases thermal energy as heat, which is then used to power the car. The main ...
Innovations - William Wells
... many possible applications. “In industrial processes,” says Stein, “you have many layers of specificity that have to be optimized in any one process,” including substrate specificity, and temperature and pH optima. ...
... many possible applications. “In industrial processes,” says Stein, “you have many layers of specificity that have to be optimized in any one process,” including substrate specificity, and temperature and pH optima. ...
Translation Details
... DNA and Translation • Gene: section of DNA that creates a specific protein – Approx 25,000 human genes • Proteins are used to build cells and tissue • Protein synthesis involves two processes: 1) Transcription 2) Translation ...
... DNA and Translation • Gene: section of DNA that creates a specific protein – Approx 25,000 human genes • Proteins are used to build cells and tissue • Protein synthesis involves two processes: 1) Transcription 2) Translation ...
07 Enzyme Catalysis
... most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on localized conditions pepsin (stomach) = pH 2-3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 ...
... most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on localized conditions pepsin (stomach) = pH 2-3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 ...
Student Exploration: Cell Energy Cycle
... Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, ATP, cellular respiration, chemical energy, chlorophyll, chloroplast, cytoplasm, glucose, glycolysis, mitochondria, photosynthesis, radiant energy Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. What does a plant need to survive ...
... Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, ATP, cellular respiration, chemical energy, chlorophyll, chloroplast, cytoplasm, glucose, glycolysis, mitochondria, photosynthesis, radiant energy Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. What does a plant need to survive ...
Calvin Cycle
... • energy stores (e.g., sucrose, starch) • cell wall constituents (e.g., cellulose). Glyceraldehyde-3-P can also be utilized by plant cells as carbon source for synthesis of other compounds such as fatty acids & amino acids. ...
... • energy stores (e.g., sucrose, starch) • cell wall constituents (e.g., cellulose). Glyceraldehyde-3-P can also be utilized by plant cells as carbon source for synthesis of other compounds such as fatty acids & amino acids. ...
Lecture 27
... Pyrimidines are simpler to synthesize than purines. N1, C4, C5, C6 are from Asp. C2 from bicarbonate N3 from Gln ...
... Pyrimidines are simpler to synthesize than purines. N1, C4, C5, C6 are from Asp. C2 from bicarbonate N3 from Gln ...
biological chemistry. the bank of mcq test questions 2016-2017
... C. nuclease D. lipase E. glycosidase. 27. Optimal conditions for the determination of the enzyme activity in the blood are: A. 5oC; pH 7.3; high concentration of substrates B. 20oC; pH 6.5; low concentration of substrates C. 40oC; pH 7.3; high concentration of substrates D. 50oC; pH 5.8; low concent ...
... C. nuclease D. lipase E. glycosidase. 27. Optimal conditions for the determination of the enzyme activity in the blood are: A. 5oC; pH 7.3; high concentration of substrates B. 20oC; pH 6.5; low concentration of substrates C. 40oC; pH 7.3; high concentration of substrates D. 50oC; pH 5.8; low concent ...
Sample%20Exam%20Protein%20ANSWERS
... Three amino acids absorb light in this spectral range: tryptophan (W) with λmax at 280 nm and ε = 5,000 M-1cm-1, tyrosine (Y) with λmax at 275 nm and ε = 1,300 M-1cm-1 and phenylalanine (F) with a triplet centered at 257 nm, with smaller peaks at 247 and 265 nm and a small ε = 200 M-1cm-1 (see lab E ...
... Three amino acids absorb light in this spectral range: tryptophan (W) with λmax at 280 nm and ε = 5,000 M-1cm-1, tyrosine (Y) with λmax at 275 nm and ε = 1,300 M-1cm-1 and phenylalanine (F) with a triplet centered at 257 nm, with smaller peaks at 247 and 265 nm and a small ε = 200 M-1cm-1 (see lab E ...
4.6 Fermentation
... – Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose – Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP and 2 NADH ...
... – Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose – Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP and 2 NADH ...
NADH - Mrs. Yu`s Science Classes
... • In the Calvin cycle, carbon enters as CO2, and leaves as a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Each round of the Calvin cycle fixes carbon from 1 molecule of CO2 which means that it takes 3 turns to make 1 G3P, or 6 turns to make 1 molecule of glucose. So overall it costs the cel ...
... • In the Calvin cycle, carbon enters as CO2, and leaves as a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Each round of the Calvin cycle fixes carbon from 1 molecule of CO2 which means that it takes 3 turns to make 1 G3P, or 6 turns to make 1 molecule of glucose. So overall it costs the cel ...
Gluconeogenesis
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
Safety of Enzymes Used in the Manufacture of Ethanol from Grains
... business of national importance, resulting in increased availability of distillers’ grains (DG) for use in animal feed. A natural question is whether the processing aids used in ethanol manufacture are safe for the animals fed the DG co-product. This issue is discussed below for enzymes, which are u ...
... business of national importance, resulting in increased availability of distillers’ grains (DG) for use in animal feed. A natural question is whether the processing aids used in ethanol manufacture are safe for the animals fed the DG co-product. This issue is discussed below for enzymes, which are u ...
Enzymes - The Finchley Clinic
... • Lipase: A digestive enzyme responsible for breaking down lipids (fats), in particular triglycerides, which are fatty substances in the body that come from fat in the diet. • Protease (I & II): The digestive enzymes needed to digest protein. • Amylase (Alpha & Beta): The enzymes that break down sta ...
... • Lipase: A digestive enzyme responsible for breaking down lipids (fats), in particular triglycerides, which are fatty substances in the body that come from fat in the diet. • Protease (I & II): The digestive enzymes needed to digest protein. • Amylase (Alpha & Beta): The enzymes that break down sta ...
Macromolecules Exercise Ver8 - STAR
... membranes. In an organism, lipids are a source of stored energy, serve to insulate the body and are found inside ALL different cell types. Below are EXAMPLES of 1) one of the building blocks of lipids, 2) a lipid, and 3) a biological environment abundant in lipids. Ver. 9 ...
... membranes. In an organism, lipids are a source of stored energy, serve to insulate the body and are found inside ALL different cell types. Below are EXAMPLES of 1) one of the building blocks of lipids, 2) a lipid, and 3) a biological environment abundant in lipids. Ver. 9 ...
chapt06b_lecture
... Both enzymes exist in multiple forms called isozymes which have slightly different AA sequences. The forms are separable by electrophoresis which gives ...
... Both enzymes exist in multiple forms called isozymes which have slightly different AA sequences. The forms are separable by electrophoresis which gives ...
Net Ionic Equations
... Example: H2 combining with O2 to form water: 2 H2 + O2 2H2O An electron is transferred from H to O: the H2 is oxidized and the O2 is reduced. We use the oxidation number (oxidation state) to keep track of electron shifts in chemical reactions. It is defined as “the charge which an atom appears to ...
... Example: H2 combining with O2 to form water: 2 H2 + O2 2H2O An electron is transferred from H to O: the H2 is oxidized and the O2 is reduced. We use the oxidation number (oxidation state) to keep track of electron shifts in chemical reactions. It is defined as “the charge which an atom appears to ...
Balancing reaction equations, oxidation state, and reduction
... Example: H2 combining with O2 to form water: 2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O An electron is transferred from H to O: the H2 is oxidized and the O2 is reduced. We use the oxidation number (oxidation state) to keep track of electron shifts in chemical reactions. It is defined as “the charge which an atom appears to ...
... Example: H2 combining with O2 to form water: 2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O An electron is transferred from H to O: the H2 is oxidized and the O2 is reduced. We use the oxidation number (oxidation state) to keep track of electron shifts in chemical reactions. It is defined as “the charge which an atom appears to ...
Entropy in Biology -R-ES-O-N-A-N-C-E--I-s-e-p-te-m-b-e-r--2-0-0
... divided by the temperature. Since for a protein unfolding reaction, heat supplied is positive because heat is taken up, the change in entropy is always positive. ...
... divided by the temperature. Since for a protein unfolding reaction, heat supplied is positive because heat is taken up, the change in entropy is always positive. ...
Carbohydrates - the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center
... Carbohydrates * ____________ organic molecule on earth * _______________________________ (or yield these upon hydrolysis) * __________: energy storage (glycogen, starch) metabolic intermediates (ATP, coenzymes) part of DNA & RNA structural elements in cell walls of bacteria, fungi & plants exoskelet ...
... Carbohydrates * ____________ organic molecule on earth * _______________________________ (or yield these upon hydrolysis) * __________: energy storage (glycogen, starch) metabolic intermediates (ATP, coenzymes) part of DNA & RNA structural elements in cell walls of bacteria, fungi & plants exoskelet ...
File - myrnafoxsciencespot
... anaerobic respiration yields about 5% of the aerobic respiration yield. ...
... anaerobic respiration yields about 5% of the aerobic respiration yield. ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.