USMLE Step 1 Web Prep — Glycolysis and Pyruvate
... monosaccharides, galactose reaches the liver through the portal blood. Once transported into tissues, galactose is phosphorylated (galactokinase), trapping it in the cell. Galactose 1-phosphate is converted to glucose 1phosphate by galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase and an epimerase. Cataracts, ...
... monosaccharides, galactose reaches the liver through the portal blood. Once transported into tissues, galactose is phosphorylated (galactokinase), trapping it in the cell. Galactose 1-phosphate is converted to glucose 1phosphate by galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase and an epimerase. Cataracts, ...
COMPARATIVE MODELING AND MOLECULAR
... In silico-developed homology protein structure modeling builds a threedimensional model of a given protein sequence based on its similarity to one or more known structures belonging to the same member of a protein family. The purpose of this study is strongly related to a drug discovery strategy aga ...
... In silico-developed homology protein structure modeling builds a threedimensional model of a given protein sequence based on its similarity to one or more known structures belonging to the same member of a protein family. The purpose of this study is strongly related to a drug discovery strategy aga ...
Ch. 33 Synthesis of Fatty acids, Triacylglycerols, Membrane lipids
... Glucose to pyruvate in mitochondrion, forms Ac CoA, OAA, which form citrate Citrate in cytosol then to Ac CoA, malonyl CoA Fatty acid synthesis involve series 2-C additions from malonyl CoA to the ω-C of Ac CoA onto FA synthase. Costs 2 NADPH and 1 ATP per cycle addition ...
... Glucose to pyruvate in mitochondrion, forms Ac CoA, OAA, which form citrate Citrate in cytosol then to Ac CoA, malonyl CoA Fatty acid synthesis involve series 2-C additions from malonyl CoA to the ω-C of Ac CoA onto FA synthase. Costs 2 NADPH and 1 ATP per cycle addition ...
Evaluation of volatile compounds produced by Lactobacillus
... Chromatographic analysis Volatile compounds retained on the fiber-coating phase were thermally desorbed in the injection port (250 °C, splitless mode) equipped with a narrow-bore glass liner (Supelco, Bellefonte, USA) of a gas chromatograph (PerkinElmer model 9000, USA). The compounds were separated ...
... Chromatographic analysis Volatile compounds retained on the fiber-coating phase were thermally desorbed in the injection port (250 °C, splitless mode) equipped with a narrow-bore glass liner (Supelco, Bellefonte, USA) of a gas chromatograph (PerkinElmer model 9000, USA). The compounds were separated ...
Sphingolipid homeostasis in the web of metabolic routes
... [33,34]. When SL levels drop, TORC2 is activated and Ypk1p is phosphorylated, which in turn phosphorylates Orm proteins that are inactivated, allowing the increase in SPT activity. The PP2A phosphatase is a candidate to counteract Ypk1p in controlling the Orm phosphorylation state [35]. Alternativel ...
... [33,34]. When SL levels drop, TORC2 is activated and Ypk1p is phosphorylated, which in turn phosphorylates Orm proteins that are inactivated, allowing the increase in SPT activity. The PP2A phosphatase is a candidate to counteract Ypk1p in controlling the Orm phosphorylation state [35]. Alternativel ...
9.1 Amino Acids—A Second Look, Continued
... which have structural and functional properties in our bodies. • Proteins function as follows: – They transport oxygen in the blood. – They are the primary components of skin and muscle. – They work as defense mechanisms against infection. – They serve as biological catalysts called enzymes. – They ...
... which have structural and functional properties in our bodies. • Proteins function as follows: – They transport oxygen in the blood. – They are the primary components of skin and muscle. – They work as defense mechanisms against infection. – They serve as biological catalysts called enzymes. – They ...
Solving Biochemistry`s Biggest Mystery: How We Produce Energy
... Part 1: The discovery of coenzyme Q-10. An Interview with Dr. Fred L Crane by Richard A. Passwater, Ph.D. More than half of the people in the United States take a daily vitamin supplement. Most of these individuals don’t even realize that this was not possible not too awfully long ago. Thanks to a s ...
... Part 1: The discovery of coenzyme Q-10. An Interview with Dr. Fred L Crane by Richard A. Passwater, Ph.D. More than half of the people in the United States take a daily vitamin supplement. Most of these individuals don’t even realize that this was not possible not too awfully long ago. Thanks to a s ...
Metabolism
... pathways are those involved in the synthesis of compounds. Protein synthesis is such a pathway, as is the synthesis of fuel reserves of triacylglycerol and glycogen. Anabolic pathways are endergonic. (2) Catabolic pathways are involved in the breakdown of larger molecules, commonly involving oxidati ...
... pathways are those involved in the synthesis of compounds. Protein synthesis is such a pathway, as is the synthesis of fuel reserves of triacylglycerol and glycogen. Anabolic pathways are endergonic. (2) Catabolic pathways are involved in the breakdown of larger molecules, commonly involving oxidati ...
carbohydrate metabolism
... in the blood there are other reducing substances (gluthathion, ascorbic acid). Colorimetric methods are rapid and based on the reaction between the glucose and a chromogen (o-toluidine, anthrone). • Enzymatic methods are the most popular procedures because of their high specificity, rapidity of assa ...
... in the blood there are other reducing substances (gluthathion, ascorbic acid). Colorimetric methods are rapid and based on the reaction between the glucose and a chromogen (o-toluidine, anthrone). • Enzymatic methods are the most popular procedures because of their high specificity, rapidity of assa ...
Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia
... the enzyme isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenase. The disorder may occur in an acute and a chronic intermittent form. In the acute form, vomiting, refusal to eat, and listlessness usually occur. With treatment and a diet low in protein the disorder becomes chronically intermittent and a nearly normal life is ...
... the enzyme isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenase. The disorder may occur in an acute and a chronic intermittent form. In the acute form, vomiting, refusal to eat, and listlessness usually occur. With treatment and a diet low in protein the disorder becomes chronically intermittent and a nearly normal life is ...
Roles of FGFs as adipokines in adipose tissue development
... transplantation of WAT into these mice (Véniant et al., 2012). These findings indicate that WAT is a predominant site conferring the antidiabetic activities of FGF21. Adiponectin has many functional similarities to FGF21. Adiponectin as an adipokine controls systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis in ...
... transplantation of WAT into these mice (Véniant et al., 2012). These findings indicate that WAT is a predominant site conferring the antidiabetic activities of FGF21. Adiponectin has many functional similarities to FGF21. Adiponectin as an adipokine controls systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis in ...
Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
... protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants and in the connective tissues of animals. Other carbohydrate polymers lubricate skeletal joints and participate in recognition and adhesion between cells. More complex carbohydrate polymers covalently attached to proteins or lipids act as ...
... protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants and in the connective tissues of animals. Other carbohydrate polymers lubricate skeletal joints and participate in recognition and adhesion between cells. More complex carbohydrate polymers covalently attached to proteins or lipids act as ...
CHEM 341-01 Syllabus Spring 2017 FINAL
... Required Background Knowledge: In taking this course, I assume that the you have a comfortable working knowledge and understanding of the following topics from Biochemistry I: • the structures and properties of the 20 standard amino acids • structural features of proteins • basic structure-function ...
... Required Background Knowledge: In taking this course, I assume that the you have a comfortable working knowledge and understanding of the following topics from Biochemistry I: • the structures and properties of the 20 standard amino acids • structural features of proteins • basic structure-function ...
Solution
... Sample Problem 20.7 Cofactors Indicate whether each of the following enzymes is active with or without a cofactor: a. an enzyme that needs Mg2+ for catalytic activity b. a polypeptide chain that is biologically active c. an enzyme that binds to vitamin B6 to become active ...
... Sample Problem 20.7 Cofactors Indicate whether each of the following enzymes is active with or without a cofactor: a. an enzyme that needs Mg2+ for catalytic activity b. a polypeptide chain that is biologically active c. an enzyme that binds to vitamin B6 to become active ...
Ch.3 Fermentation File
... All strains ferment glucose and many ferment other plant-associated carbohydrates such as sucrose, maltose and raffinose, although none ferment lactose. In general, yeasts do not ferment starch in nature. Yeasts are used to produce ethanol, CO2, flavour and aroma. The important reaction of yeast ...
... All strains ferment glucose and many ferment other plant-associated carbohydrates such as sucrose, maltose and raffinose, although none ferment lactose. In general, yeasts do not ferment starch in nature. Yeasts are used to produce ethanol, CO2, flavour and aroma. The important reaction of yeast ...
A structural genomics approach to membrane transport proteins
... The hydrophobic bilayer membrane that bounds cells is inherently impermeable to the great majority of hydrophilic solutes required for cell nutrition and to many of the waste products and/or toxins that must be excreted. Accordingly, the membrane contains proteins, the sole function of which is to c ...
... The hydrophobic bilayer membrane that bounds cells is inherently impermeable to the great majority of hydrophilic solutes required for cell nutrition and to many of the waste products and/or toxins that must be excreted. Accordingly, the membrane contains proteins, the sole function of which is to c ...
Human Biology The Chemistry of Living Things 2.1 Multiple Choice
... A) slow down the speed at which chemical reactions occur, but do not alter the final products formed B) facilitate chemical reactions by altering the final products formed C) maintain primary structure D) can participate only in reactions that synthesize new products E) are referred to as enzymes An ...
... A) slow down the speed at which chemical reactions occur, but do not alter the final products formed B) facilitate chemical reactions by altering the final products formed C) maintain primary structure D) can participate only in reactions that synthesize new products E) are referred to as enzymes An ...
Gluconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism
... and to a lesser extent in the kidney, only these tissues can release free glucose into the blood. The dephosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate takes place within the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum. ...
... and to a lesser extent in the kidney, only these tissues can release free glucose into the blood. The dephosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate takes place within the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum. ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.