Decreto - European Commission
... geographical indications, in which it is established that the "grated" type must, among other requirements, have an amino acid composition that is specific to "Parmigiano Reggiano"; HAVING CONSIDERED the Decrees of the President of the Council of Ministers of 04 November 1991, whereby the denominati ...
... geographical indications, in which it is established that the "grated" type must, among other requirements, have an amino acid composition that is specific to "Parmigiano Reggiano"; HAVING CONSIDERED the Decrees of the President of the Council of Ministers of 04 November 1991, whereby the denominati ...
13C analysis of amino acids in human hair using trimethylsilyl
... for the GC/C/IRMS analysis of amino acids, trifluoroacetyl isopropyl (TFA-IP) esters, N-acetyl-n-propyl (NAP) esters, and N-pivaloylisopropyl (NPP) esters. Evershed and coworkers recently promoted the use of N-acetyl, methyl ester derivatization with the major advantage of a small carbon load.[18] Ho ...
... for the GC/C/IRMS analysis of amino acids, trifluoroacetyl isopropyl (TFA-IP) esters, N-acetyl-n-propyl (NAP) esters, and N-pivaloylisopropyl (NPP) esters. Evershed and coworkers recently promoted the use of N-acetyl, methyl ester derivatization with the major advantage of a small carbon load.[18] Ho ...
What are the intermolecular forces that lead to this compact folding
... a repeated unit of length 7 amino acids, which is called a heptad repeat. Denote those 7 positions by a through g, then position a and d are hydrophobic and define an apolar stripe, while there exist electrostatic interactions between residues at positions e and g. Prediction methods for coiled-coil ...
... a repeated unit of length 7 amino acids, which is called a heptad repeat. Denote those 7 positions by a through g, then position a and d are hydrophobic and define an apolar stripe, while there exist electrostatic interactions between residues at positions e and g. Prediction methods for coiled-coil ...
Biochemistry - Wikimedia Commons
... nature. Biochemistry incorporates everything in size between a molecule and a cell and all the interactions between them. The aim of biochemists is to describe in molecular terms the structures, mechanisms and chemical processes shared by all organisms, providing organizing principles that underlie ...
... nature. Biochemistry incorporates everything in size between a molecule and a cell and all the interactions between them. The aim of biochemists is to describe in molecular terms the structures, mechanisms and chemical processes shared by all organisms, providing organizing principles that underlie ...
Simple Models of Protein Folding
... An obvious oversimplification of the two dimensional lattice model is the exclusion of entropic effects, which may be even more important in three dimensions. However, short proteins in two dimensions do maintain a surface-to-volume ratio similar to long proteins in three dimensions [1]. Furthermore ...
... An obvious oversimplification of the two dimensional lattice model is the exclusion of entropic effects, which may be even more important in three dimensions. However, short proteins in two dimensions do maintain a surface-to-volume ratio similar to long proteins in three dimensions [1]. Furthermore ...
EDULISS: a small-molecule database with data
... database, over 3.9 million compounds fit the Lipinski’s rule of five (17) and a total of 3.4 million fit the Oprea lead-like criteria (18): that is molecular weight 460, number of rotatable bonds 10, calculated Log P between 4 and 4.2, number of hydrogen bond acceptors 9, number of hydrogen bond don ...
... database, over 3.9 million compounds fit the Lipinski’s rule of five (17) and a total of 3.4 million fit the Oprea lead-like criteria (18): that is molecular weight 460, number of rotatable bonds 10, calculated Log P between 4 and 4.2, number of hydrogen bond acceptors 9, number of hydrogen bond don ...
Prediction of protein subcellular locations using Markov chain models
... the protein surface accessibility. The other method is an expert system based not only on composition but also strongly on the existence of signal peptides [13,14]. In many cases, the signal peptide cannot be found or partly assigned, thereby leading to some problems depending on it. It is known tha ...
... the protein surface accessibility. The other method is an expert system based not only on composition but also strongly on the existence of signal peptides [13,14]. In many cases, the signal peptide cannot be found or partly assigned, thereby leading to some problems depending on it. It is known tha ...
Insulin and Glucagon
... activates glucose uptake, metabolism and storage as glycogen in muscle and fat tissue. These organs make up most of the body's mass. At the same time, insulin restrains processes that release stored energy; lipolysis and ketogenesis, glycogenolysis, proteolysis and gluconeogenesis. Insulin is necess ...
... activates glucose uptake, metabolism and storage as glycogen in muscle and fat tissue. These organs make up most of the body's mass. At the same time, insulin restrains processes that release stored energy; lipolysis and ketogenesis, glycogenolysis, proteolysis and gluconeogenesis. Insulin is necess ...
Microsoft Word
... CGG and GCG as chiral selectors and a few amino acids from each class, viz., nonpolar (alanine, proline, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) polar (asparagine and tyrosine), acidic (aspartic acid and glutamic acid), and basic (lysine) amino acids as analytes. The negative electrospray ionization (ESI) ma ...
... CGG and GCG as chiral selectors and a few amino acids from each class, viz., nonpolar (alanine, proline, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) polar (asparagine and tyrosine), acidic (aspartic acid and glutamic acid), and basic (lysine) amino acids as analytes. The negative electrospray ionization (ESI) ma ...
Chapter 19a Oxidative Phosphorylation and
... kJ/V·mol.) Ans: deltaG'° = –nFdeltaE'° = (–2)(96.48 kJ/V·mol)(1.14V) = –220 kJ/mol 20. Electron-transfer reactions in mitochondria Page: 717 Difficulty: 3 The standard reduction potential for ubiquinone (Q or coenzyme Q) is 0.045 V, and the standard reduction potential (E'°) for FAD is –0.219 V. Usi ...
... kJ/V·mol.) Ans: deltaG'° = –nFdeltaE'° = (–2)(96.48 kJ/V·mol)(1.14V) = –220 kJ/mol 20. Electron-transfer reactions in mitochondria Page: 717 Difficulty: 3 The standard reduction potential for ubiquinone (Q or coenzyme Q) is 0.045 V, and the standard reduction potential (E'°) for FAD is –0.219 V. Usi ...
MILK SYNTHESIS ENZYMES AND THEIR ROLES IN MILK QUALITY
... taken up by the mammary gland and inserted into milk fat. Trans11 18:1 and 18:0 can be transformed in the mammary gland into cis9,trans11 18:2 (CLA) by the enzyme ∆9 desaturase. The gene symbol for this enzyme is SCD for stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Increasing activity of this enzyme is desirable in ord ...
... taken up by the mammary gland and inserted into milk fat. Trans11 18:1 and 18:0 can be transformed in the mammary gland into cis9,trans11 18:2 (CLA) by the enzyme ∆9 desaturase. The gene symbol for this enzyme is SCD for stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Increasing activity of this enzyme is desirable in ord ...
Chapter 28 Slides
... Consider phosphorylation of glucose If done by Pi, the concentration of Pi would have to be 2700 M However, using ATP, and if [ATP] and [ADP] are equal, [G-6-P]/[G] is maintained at 850 ATP, an activated form of phosphate, makes it possible for cell to carry out reactions while keeping concentration ...
... Consider phosphorylation of glucose If done by Pi, the concentration of Pi would have to be 2700 M However, using ATP, and if [ATP] and [ADP] are equal, [G-6-P]/[G] is maintained at 850 ATP, an activated form of phosphate, makes it possible for cell to carry out reactions while keeping concentration ...
METABOLISM OF POLYSACCHARIDES
... Holoenzymes containing coenzymes (as its non-protein part) which are often vitamin derivatives perform multiple functions. For example, the first enzyme in gluconeogenesis pyruvate carboxylase uses biotin for carboxylation of pyruvate; but the transformation of the pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate ...
... Holoenzymes containing coenzymes (as its non-protein part) which are often vitamin derivatives perform multiple functions. For example, the first enzyme in gluconeogenesis pyruvate carboxylase uses biotin for carboxylation of pyruvate; but the transformation of the pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate ...
The effect of pH on the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
... • Effects on the charged state of the substrate or enzyme: • Most enzymatic reactions require both the substrate and the amino acid residues in the active site of the enzyme to have a specific charge state. Changes in pH change this charge state and hence affect the rate of the reaction. ...
... • Effects on the charged state of the substrate or enzyme: • Most enzymatic reactions require both the substrate and the amino acid residues in the active site of the enzyme to have a specific charge state. Changes in pH change this charge state and hence affect the rate of the reaction. ...
Conservation of the metabolomic response to starvation across two divergent microbes.
... the similarity of the AMP response across these organisms is not surprising. Less intuitive is the similar rise in PEP during carbon starvation of both species (Figs. 3 and 4A). In E. coli, this rise may be primarily explained by the role of PEP as the phosphate donor for the phosphotransferase syst ...
... the similarity of the AMP response across these organisms is not surprising. Less intuitive is the similar rise in PEP during carbon starvation of both species (Figs. 3 and 4A). In E. coli, this rise may be primarily explained by the role of PEP as the phosphate donor for the phosphotransferase syst ...
Conservation of the metabolomic response to starvation across two divergent microbes.
... the similarity of the AMP response across these organisms is not surprising. Less intuitive is the similar rise in PEP during carbon starvation of both species (Figs. 3 and 4A). In E. coli, this rise may be primarily explained by the role of PEP as the phosphate donor for the phosphotransferase syst ...
... the similarity of the AMP response across these organisms is not surprising. Less intuitive is the similar rise in PEP during carbon starvation of both species (Figs. 3 and 4A). In E. coli, this rise may be primarily explained by the role of PEP as the phosphate donor for the phosphotransferase syst ...
STEROIDS, BILE ACIDS, STEROID HORMONES
... product to become a bile-acid. Lose 3 carbons of the alpha-side: This is also common to all bile acids. Then the terminal carbon is oxidized to an acid (hence bile acid). ...
... product to become a bile-acid. Lose 3 carbons of the alpha-side: This is also common to all bile acids. Then the terminal carbon is oxidized to an acid (hence bile acid). ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The role of yeast NAD+
... Idhh is thus a new member of a still growing family of enzymes with an additional RNA-bindingg property. This family is outlined and reviewed in chapter I. When reviewingg these double functioning enzymes, it is striking that some enzymes which aree part of important enzymatic processes in the cell, ...
... Idhh is thus a new member of a still growing family of enzymes with an additional RNA-bindingg property. This family is outlined and reviewed in chapter I. When reviewingg these double functioning enzymes, it is striking that some enzymes which aree part of important enzymatic processes in the cell, ...
Carbon Metabolism in Spores of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus
... Representative 13C-NMR spectra obtained for the MeOH/H2O extracts from each treatment are shown in Figure 2. Peaks at 94.1, 73.4, 72.9, 71.9, 70.5, and 61.4 ppm correspond to the chemical shifts of carbons (1,19), (3,39), (5,59), (2,29), (4,49), and (6,69) of trehalose (Fig. 2, T1–T6, compare with F ...
... Representative 13C-NMR spectra obtained for the MeOH/H2O extracts from each treatment are shown in Figure 2. Peaks at 94.1, 73.4, 72.9, 71.9, 70.5, and 61.4 ppm correspond to the chemical shifts of carbons (1,19), (3,39), (5,59), (2,29), (4,49), and (6,69) of trehalose (Fig. 2, T1–T6, compare with F ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.