Components of Tissue Culture Media
... only when the concentration of thiamin is below the desired level or when it is desirable to grow cells at very low population densities. Amino Acids or Other Nitrogen Supplements Although cultured cells are normally capable of synthesizing all of the required amino acids, the addition of certain am ...
... only when the concentration of thiamin is below the desired level or when it is desirable to grow cells at very low population densities. Amino Acids or Other Nitrogen Supplements Although cultured cells are normally capable of synthesizing all of the required amino acids, the addition of certain am ...
characteristics and stabilization of dnaase
... has been the necessity for preparing fresh enzyme extracts for each experiment. Techniques have not been available for stabilization and storage of enzyme extracts comparable to the techniques available for mammalian systems.4 In the present communication, an amino acid-incorporating system stable t ...
... has been the necessity for preparing fresh enzyme extracts for each experiment. Techniques have not been available for stabilization and storage of enzyme extracts comparable to the techniques available for mammalian systems.4 In the present communication, an amino acid-incorporating system stable t ...
Microalgae Synthesize Hydrocarbons from Long
... 2006; Wang and Lu, 2013). For example, synthesis of hydrocarbons is widespread in cyanobacteria (Coates et al., 2014), and it is thought that cyanobacterial alka(e)nes contribute significantly to the hydrocarbon cycle of the upper ocean (Lea-Smith et al., 2015). Alka(e)nes of various chain lengths ar ...
... 2006; Wang and Lu, 2013). For example, synthesis of hydrocarbons is widespread in cyanobacteria (Coates et al., 2014), and it is thought that cyanobacterial alka(e)nes contribute significantly to the hydrocarbon cycle of the upper ocean (Lea-Smith et al., 2015). Alka(e)nes of various chain lengths ar ...
Document
... complexes located in the mitochondrial inner membrane leads to the pumping of protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. The resulting uneven distribution of protons generates a pH gradient and a transmembrane electrical potential that creates a proton-motive force. ATP is synthesized when protons flo ...
... complexes located in the mitochondrial inner membrane leads to the pumping of protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. The resulting uneven distribution of protons generates a pH gradient and a transmembrane electrical potential that creates a proton-motive force. ATP is synthesized when protons flo ...
LipidMetabolism
... Phosphatidylinositol is made by this CDPdiacylglycerol pathway in bacteria and eukaryotes ...
... Phosphatidylinositol is made by this CDPdiacylglycerol pathway in bacteria and eukaryotes ...
Plasma Amino Acid Response to Graded Levels of Escape Protein
... The plasma amino acid broken-line technique can be used to identify limiting amino acids of ruminants if ruminal degradation of the supplemented amino acids is avoided (Fenderson and Bergen, 1975; Titgemeyer et al., 1986). However, the need to confine animals in metabolism stalls to enable abomasal ...
... The plasma amino acid broken-line technique can be used to identify limiting amino acids of ruminants if ruminal degradation of the supplemented amino acids is avoided (Fenderson and Bergen, 1975; Titgemeyer et al., 1986). However, the need to confine animals in metabolism stalls to enable abomasal ...
Enzyme Specificity and Selectivity
... The specificity of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase arises from the three-dimensional structure of their respective active sites. Although the overall structures of these proteases are very similar, each enzyme has an active site that is sterically and electrostatically complementary to its substra ...
... The specificity of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase arises from the three-dimensional structure of their respective active sites. Although the overall structures of these proteases are very similar, each enzyme has an active site that is sterically and electrostatically complementary to its substra ...
citric acid metabolism in lactic bacteria and
... the microbial ecosystem in the wine during fermentation by imposing selected strains of yeast and bacteria. This prevents contamination due to microfloral spoilage (Renouf et al. 2008a), while ensuring more economical and ecological control of MLF. For example, when the bacteria are active at the hi ...
... the microbial ecosystem in the wine during fermentation by imposing selected strains of yeast and bacteria. This prevents contamination due to microfloral spoilage (Renouf et al. 2008a), while ensuring more economical and ecological control of MLF. For example, when the bacteria are active at the hi ...
glycogen metabolism
... are joined in a-1,4 linkage by glycogen synthase. • A branch is created by the breaking of an a-1,4 link and the formation of an a-1,6 link. • A block of residues, typically 7 in number, is transferred to a more interior site. • The block of 7 or so residues must include the nonreducing terminus and ...
... are joined in a-1,4 linkage by glycogen synthase. • A branch is created by the breaking of an a-1,4 link and the formation of an a-1,6 link. • A block of residues, typically 7 in number, is transferred to a more interior site. • The block of 7 or so residues must include the nonreducing terminus and ...
Evolution of Enzymatic Activity in the Enolase Superfamily: Structural
... alternate hypothesis is that this process is facilitated when the progenitor enzyme acquires a second function while maintaining the original activity. This phenomenon has been suggested to occur in the o-succinylbenzoate synthase (OSBS) from a species of Amycolatopsis that catalyzes not only the ph ...
... alternate hypothesis is that this process is facilitated when the progenitor enzyme acquires a second function while maintaining the original activity. This phenomenon has been suggested to occur in the o-succinylbenzoate synthase (OSBS) from a species of Amycolatopsis that catalyzes not only the ph ...
BC 367 Experiment 4 Kinetic Properties of Acid Phosphatase
... artificial substrates for hydrolytic enzymes have been developed which liberate a chromophore (a group that absorbs light) upon hydrolysis. For example, p-Nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) itself has no absorbance in the visible spectrum, whereas p-nitrophenolate ion, one of the products of enzymic hydrol ...
... artificial substrates for hydrolytic enzymes have been developed which liberate a chromophore (a group that absorbs light) upon hydrolysis. For example, p-Nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) itself has no absorbance in the visible spectrum, whereas p-nitrophenolate ion, one of the products of enzymic hydrol ...
Soil Biology and Biochemistry
... were made to quantify indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) excreted by different wild type strains of Azospirilhun spp. The microorganisms produce IAA, during the late stationary growth phase and show a significant increase in IAA production when tryptophan is present in the medium. Under these conditions wit ...
... were made to quantify indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) excreted by different wild type strains of Azospirilhun spp. The microorganisms produce IAA, during the late stationary growth phase and show a significant increase in IAA production when tryptophan is present in the medium. Under these conditions wit ...
PESTICIDE DEGRADATION
... down of toxic chemicals into nontoxic compounds and, in some cases, back into their original elements. The degradation or breakdown of pesticides can occur in plants, animals, and in the soil and water; or it can take place upon exposure to ultra-violet (UV) radiation. There are some strictly chemic ...
... down of toxic chemicals into nontoxic compounds and, in some cases, back into their original elements. The degradation or breakdown of pesticides can occur in plants, animals, and in the soil and water; or it can take place upon exposure to ultra-violet (UV) radiation. There are some strictly chemic ...
Two Perspectives on the Origin of the Standard Genetic Code
... and using the method of stepwise fragment condensation of the randomly generated 10-mers available in the library. Even in such cases, yields can be low depending upon the conditions, with the synthesized oligomers showing no similarity with known proteins. These results highlight the difficulty of ...
... and using the method of stepwise fragment condensation of the randomly generated 10-mers available in the library. Even in such cases, yields can be low depending upon the conditions, with the synthesized oligomers showing no similarity with known proteins. These results highlight the difficulty of ...
Phospholipid Ester-linked Fatty Acid Biomarkers of
... Saturated and unsaturated FAME were separated on TLC plates as before, but the plates were predeveloped in 20 g AgN03, 60 ml water and 120 ml absolute ethanol in the dark. Development and recovery of saturated FAME using an external standard of methyl nonadecanoate was as described above. Determinat ...
... Saturated and unsaturated FAME were separated on TLC plates as before, but the plates were predeveloped in 20 g AgN03, 60 ml water and 120 ml absolute ethanol in the dark. Development and recovery of saturated FAME using an external standard of methyl nonadecanoate was as described above. Determinat ...
Changes in cell morphology and carnitine acetyltransferase activity
... degraded by the organism via the P-oxidation cycle, the enzymes of which are located wholly within the peroxisomes (Tanaka & Fukui, 1989; Veenhuis & Harder, 1991) and, similarly, many of the amino acids derived from serum are also handled in the peroxisomes. A common feature of degradative pathways ...
... degraded by the organism via the P-oxidation cycle, the enzymes of which are located wholly within the peroxisomes (Tanaka & Fukui, 1989; Veenhuis & Harder, 1991) and, similarly, many of the amino acids derived from serum are also handled in the peroxisomes. A common feature of degradative pathways ...
Nucleic Acids - Life`s Information Storage and Retrieval System
... More reading frames But what if the coding is done by the other strand? The ...
... More reading frames But what if the coding is done by the other strand? The ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.