Handout 2 - CHO chemistry
... 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest is D-glyceraldehyde (as in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis). 3. Nutritionally most important is D-glucose. 4. L-forms are mirror images. ...
... 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest is D-glyceraldehyde (as in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis). 3. Nutritionally most important is D-glucose. 4. L-forms are mirror images. ...
Multistep Small-Molecule Synthesis Programmed by
... Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, HarVard UniVersity, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Received June 16, 2002 ...
... Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, HarVard UniVersity, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Received June 16, 2002 ...
Chapter 04
... A chemical reaction in which a precipitate forms is called a precipitation reaction. ...
... A chemical reaction in which a precipitate forms is called a precipitation reaction. ...
NEW! D-Chiro-Inositol: Enhances Insulin Function and Blood
... As this enzyme is not found in human digestive secretions, a significant portion of dietary DCI may not be bioavailable. Additionally, some dietary forms of DCI exist as methylated derivatives which may be ineffective in improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance according to several recent ...
... As this enzyme is not found in human digestive secretions, a significant portion of dietary DCI may not be bioavailable. Additionally, some dietary forms of DCI exist as methylated derivatives which may be ineffective in improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance according to several recent ...
Comparative Visualization of Protein Structure
... protein is contained in its one dimensional string of amino acids. Since this discovery, scientists have grappled with the protein folding problem, which can be succinctly stated as: Given a protein’s amino acid sequence, what will its three-dimensional shape be? As an indication of the importance o ...
... protein is contained in its one dimensional string of amino acids. Since this discovery, scientists have grappled with the protein folding problem, which can be succinctly stated as: Given a protein’s amino acid sequence, what will its three-dimensional shape be? As an indication of the importance o ...
Chapter 4 General metabolism
... glycolytic intermediate and a ramification point, will determine the type of energy metabolism that is being used. The two major fates of the pyruvate produced in glycolysis are either its oxidation to CO2 or its transformation to ethanol or other compounds through oxidoreductive metabolism (Figure ...
... glycolytic intermediate and a ramification point, will determine the type of energy metabolism that is being used. The two major fates of the pyruvate produced in glycolysis are either its oxidation to CO2 or its transformation to ethanol or other compounds through oxidoreductive metabolism (Figure ...
e-Self-study
... Relationships between data can be visualised using constructs referred to as graphs. A graph consists of a set of nodes (vertices) and connected by edges (which define the relationship(s) between the nodes). ...
... Relationships between data can be visualised using constructs referred to as graphs. A graph consists of a set of nodes (vertices) and connected by edges (which define the relationship(s) between the nodes). ...
IL-6
... • IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) has been found to play an important role in T-cell activation and proliferation, where it is primarily expressed. • Therefore, ITK represents a novel potential target for anti-inflammatory therapy in a variety of indications such as psoriasis and allergic asthma. ...
... • IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) has been found to play an important role in T-cell activation and proliferation, where it is primarily expressed. • Therefore, ITK represents a novel potential target for anti-inflammatory therapy in a variety of indications such as psoriasis and allergic asthma. ...
3D protein structure
... In the ______ amino acid position, the codon ____________ has been mutated to __________ which means that the amino acid ________________________ has been changed to _________________________ . This can be represented using the notation ______________________ . ...
... In the ______ amino acid position, the codon ____________ has been mutated to __________ which means that the amino acid ________________________ has been changed to _________________________ . This can be represented using the notation ______________________ . ...
What are Tetrahymena? - Department of Biological Sciences
... Eukaryotic, single cell, ciliated, motile About 50 to 70um long Excitable (action potentials) Model sensory cell (chemosensory, thermosensory, mechanosensory) • Grow to 500,000 cells/ml as clonal, axenic cultures • Electrophysiology, biochemistry, behavior and molecular biology well described • Geno ...
... Eukaryotic, single cell, ciliated, motile About 50 to 70um long Excitable (action potentials) Model sensory cell (chemosensory, thermosensory, mechanosensory) • Grow to 500,000 cells/ml as clonal, axenic cultures • Electrophysiology, biochemistry, behavior and molecular biology well described • Geno ...
Fundamentals
... That NADH and the FADH2 are re-oxidized in the oxidative phosphorlyation in the mitochondria and produce ATP. o If you have enough ATP, that doesn’t happen. What then happens is, this NADH is not oxidized, and you don’t regenerate NAD. So things slow down. That’s called respiratory control. Call ...
... That NADH and the FADH2 are re-oxidized in the oxidative phosphorlyation in the mitochondria and produce ATP. o If you have enough ATP, that doesn’t happen. What then happens is, this NADH is not oxidized, and you don’t regenerate NAD. So things slow down. That’s called respiratory control. Call ...
Biology and Society: Marathoners versus Sprinters
... 2. Define and distinguish between self-fertilization, cross-fertilization, purebred organisms, hybrids, the P generation, the F1 generation, and the F2 generation. 3. Define and distinguish between the following pairs of terms: heterozygous versus homozygous, dominant allele versus recessive allele, ...
... 2. Define and distinguish between self-fertilization, cross-fertilization, purebred organisms, hybrids, the P generation, the F1 generation, and the F2 generation. 3. Define and distinguish between the following pairs of terms: heterozygous versus homozygous, dominant allele versus recessive allele, ...
Role of the ubiquitinselective CDC48UFD1/NPL4 chaperone
... of OLE1 was found to be regulated by UFAs both at the level of transcription and mRNA decay (Choi et al., 1996; Gonzalez and Martin, 1996; Hoppe et al., 2000). Based on these ®ndings, we hypothesized that ef®cient regulation by gene expression requires a short-lived gene product. Indeed, we have sho ...
... of OLE1 was found to be regulated by UFAs both at the level of transcription and mRNA decay (Choi et al., 1996; Gonzalez and Martin, 1996; Hoppe et al., 2000). Based on these ®ndings, we hypothesized that ef®cient regulation by gene expression requires a short-lived gene product. Indeed, we have sho ...
Heterologous products from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis
... transcription of the heterologous gene and stability and efficiency of translation of the corresponding mRNA; folding, post-translational modifications and turnover of the recombinant protein; efficiency of the leader peptide sequence that drives the protein through the secretion pathway and protein ...
... transcription of the heterologous gene and stability and efficiency of translation of the corresponding mRNA; folding, post-translational modifications and turnover of the recombinant protein; efficiency of the leader peptide sequence that drives the protein through the secretion pathway and protein ...
Protein
... Protein and resistance – why not consume loads of protein? • Reduced CHO and fat intake – most imp. • Amino acids may cause GI distress due to osmotic effect • increased oxidation ie. Adapt and burn as metabolic fuel. • Excretion of urea requires dilution with water and so may contribute to dehyd ...
... Protein and resistance – why not consume loads of protein? • Reduced CHO and fat intake – most imp. • Amino acids may cause GI distress due to osmotic effect • increased oxidation ie. Adapt and burn as metabolic fuel. • Excretion of urea requires dilution with water and so may contribute to dehyd ...
Plasma Total Amino Acids, Plasma Glutamate
... may be due to decreased insulin levels or due to decreased insulin action. This decreased insulin levels in these subjects might have caused a rise in the plasma levels of AAN, AL and GM as insulin is known to possess a suppression effect on tissue proteolysis (13). A parallel increase in plasma GM ...
... may be due to decreased insulin levels or due to decreased insulin action. This decreased insulin levels in these subjects might have caused a rise in the plasma levels of AAN, AL and GM as insulin is known to possess a suppression effect on tissue proteolysis (13). A parallel increase in plasma GM ...
Chapter 11 * Chemical Reactions
... participate in the formation of the nonaqueous product are written. General Equation: Na2SO4 (aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq 2NaNO3 (aq) + BaSO4 (s) Ionic Equation: 2Na+1 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) + Ba+2 (aq) + 2NO3-1 (aq) 2Na+1 (aq) + 2 NO3-1 (aq) + BaSO4 (s) Net Ionic Equation: Ba+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) BaSO4 (s) ...
... participate in the formation of the nonaqueous product are written. General Equation: Na2SO4 (aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq 2NaNO3 (aq) + BaSO4 (s) Ionic Equation: 2Na+1 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) + Ba+2 (aq) + 2NO3-1 (aq) 2Na+1 (aq) + 2 NO3-1 (aq) + BaSO4 (s) Net Ionic Equation: Ba+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) BaSO4 (s) ...
The outer membrane of Borrelia
... ? extracellular matrix ? • There is a lack of evidence to show that Borrelia secretes significant amounts of any polysaccharide, DNA or proteins to form an extracellular matrix. – (one paper suggests the polysaccharide alginate, but this has not been repeated and there is a strong possibility of con ...
... ? extracellular matrix ? • There is a lack of evidence to show that Borrelia secretes significant amounts of any polysaccharide, DNA or proteins to form an extracellular matrix. – (one paper suggests the polysaccharide alginate, but this has not been repeated and there is a strong possibility of con ...
6_Enzymes - WordPress.com
... their ability to act as Lewis acids and through chelate formation. Example of a metal functioning as a Lewis acid is the zinc in carbonic anhydrase. The metal can also promote catalysis by binding substrate at the site of bond cleavage. In carboxypeptidase, the carbonyl oxygen is chelated to the zin ...
... their ability to act as Lewis acids and through chelate formation. Example of a metal functioning as a Lewis acid is the zinc in carbonic anhydrase. The metal can also promote catalysis by binding substrate at the site of bond cleavage. In carboxypeptidase, the carbonyl oxygen is chelated to the zin ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.