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... et al. 2013). Whereas LMM analysis directly estimates additive genetic parameters on the scale on which traits are expressed and selected, and upon which we may most naturally consider their evolution, this is not the case for GLMMs. In this article, we offer a comprehensive description of the assum ...
... et al. 2013). Whereas LMM analysis directly estimates additive genetic parameters on the scale on which traits are expressed and selected, and upon which we may most naturally consider their evolution, this is not the case for GLMMs. In this article, we offer a comprehensive description of the assum ...
7th May 2004 20 Questions on Adaptive Dynamics
... methodology and then examining its strengths and weaknesses. We carry this out by posing and answering 20 key questions on Adaptive Dynamics. We conclude that Adaptive Dynamics provides a set of useful approximations for studying various evolutionary questions. However, as with any approximate metho ...
... methodology and then examining its strengths and weaknesses. We carry this out by posing and answering 20 key questions on Adaptive Dynamics. We conclude that Adaptive Dynamics provides a set of useful approximations for studying various evolutionary questions. However, as with any approximate metho ...
Generic Representation of Solid-Object Geometry for Genetic Search
... representation is different. Representations can vary from a few hand-picked dimensions of a design, to parameters specifying every part of the design. Designs can be represented directly, such as lists of vertices and edges, or indirectly through equations (e.g. Parametric surfaces, or swept surfac ...
... representation is different. Representations can vary from a few hand-picked dimensions of a design, to parameters specifying every part of the design. Designs can be represented directly, such as lists of vertices and edges, or indirectly through equations (e.g. Parametric surfaces, or swept surfac ...
A Selective Sweep Driven by Pyrimethamine Treatment in Southeast
... selection in a recombining eukaryote because the rapid spread of resistance to multiple drugs during the last the past 50 years has been well documented, the full genome sequence and a microsatellite map are now available, and haplotype data can be easily generated. We examined microsatellite variat ...
... selection in a recombining eukaryote because the rapid spread of resistance to multiple drugs during the last the past 50 years has been well documented, the full genome sequence and a microsatellite map are now available, and haplotype data can be easily generated. We examined microsatellite variat ...
Document
... Epigenetic machinery was established by Life for ‘genome protection’ purposes first. In the further course of evolution, however, the mechanisms of processing of epigenetic information - which allow recognition of different epigenetic marks and channeling the signals encoded in these marks along app ...
... Epigenetic machinery was established by Life for ‘genome protection’ purposes first. In the further course of evolution, however, the mechanisms of processing of epigenetic information - which allow recognition of different epigenetic marks and channeling the signals encoded in these marks along app ...
Linkage Mapping 2 3 – point linkage mapping One crossover Two
... • This is why recombination frequency is not a linear function of the average number of crossovers between two loci. • If loci are widely separated on the chromosome, several crossovers may occur between them regularly at each meiosis, but they will still have only a maximum recombination frequency ...
... • This is why recombination frequency is not a linear function of the average number of crossovers between two loci. • If loci are widely separated on the chromosome, several crossovers may occur between them regularly at each meiosis, but they will still have only a maximum recombination frequency ...
Genome organization of Magnaporthe grisea
... from crosses between rice and grass pathogens, this marker appears to contain grass pathogen-specific DNA sequences. Distribution of the retrotransposon MAGGY The copy number of MAGGY in 2539 was determined to be approximately 42 by counting bands in a Southern blot (data not shown). This figure is ...
... from crosses between rice and grass pathogens, this marker appears to contain grass pathogen-specific DNA sequences. Distribution of the retrotransposon MAGGY The copy number of MAGGY in 2539 was determined to be approximately 42 by counting bands in a Southern blot (data not shown). This figure is ...
Genetic Testing, Including Chromosomal Microarray
... Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) can identify genomic abnormalities that are associated with a wide range of developmental disabilities, including cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities, and congenital abnormalities. CMA can detect copy number variants (CNVs) and the frequency of diseas ...
... Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) can identify genomic abnormalities that are associated with a wide range of developmental disabilities, including cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities, and congenital abnormalities. CMA can detect copy number variants (CNVs) and the frequency of diseas ...
association study of 37 genes suggests involvement of DDC
... symptoms in autism: aggression, self-injury and compulsive behaviours (Nikolov et al. 2006). And third, neuroimaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET) have shown abnormal asymmetry of serotonin synthesis in frontal, temporal and parietal cortex in autistic individuals compared to contr ...
... symptoms in autism: aggression, self-injury and compulsive behaviours (Nikolov et al. 2006). And third, neuroimaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET) have shown abnormal asymmetry of serotonin synthesis in frontal, temporal and parietal cortex in autistic individuals compared to contr ...
What is the Gene Trying to Do?
... It is therefore appropriate, in considering the validity of the FTNS as a theorem, to consider the assumptions upon which it is based. These are either explicit or implicit in the development below. Among other simplifications, the theorem ignores the existence of two sexes and assumes that the fitnes ...
... It is therefore appropriate, in considering the validity of the FTNS as a theorem, to consider the assumptions upon which it is based. These are either explicit or implicit in the development below. Among other simplifications, the theorem ignores the existence of two sexes and assumes that the fitnes ...
THE RESPONSE TO ARTIFICIAL SELECTION DUE TO
... limit in experiment 1 are presented in Table 2. The analyses of L95 and H95 are based on reciprocals of the numbers of generations involved, and the mean squares for L 95 , H 95 , D 95 , and J 95 are all coded by a factor of 104 . The analysis of total response (R) is reproduced from the earlier pap ...
... limit in experiment 1 are presented in Table 2. The analyses of L95 and H95 are based on reciprocals of the numbers of generations involved, and the mean squares for L 95 , H 95 , D 95 , and J 95 are all coded by a factor of 104 . The analysis of total response (R) is reproduced from the earlier pap ...
Classification for a Phenotype
... identified to date [9]; genes such as MYBPC3 may be associated with different phenotypes (HCM, RCM, DCM), and genes such as DYS may cause a unique phenotype (DCM only). The penetrance of the genetic mutation is variable, and phenotypic manifestations are often age dependent. Most genetic cardiomyopat ...
... identified to date [9]; genes such as MYBPC3 may be associated with different phenotypes (HCM, RCM, DCM), and genes such as DYS may cause a unique phenotype (DCM only). The penetrance of the genetic mutation is variable, and phenotypic manifestations are often age dependent. Most genetic cardiomyopat ...
Fact Sheet 52|HAEMOPHILIA WHAT IS HAEMOPHILIA
... genes, that make all the necessary structural components and chemicals for the body to function. These genes are packaged onto little long strands known as chromosomes. We all have 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs. One copy of each pair is inherited from our mother and the other from our father ...
... genes, that make all the necessary structural components and chemicals for the body to function. These genes are packaged onto little long strands known as chromosomes. We all have 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs. One copy of each pair is inherited from our mother and the other from our father ...
– findings from cross-species Anxiety genetics genome-wide approaches
... Use Disorders chosen for high or low genetic loading for anxiety-spectrum phenotypes. Several SNPs within the transcriptional co-activator PPARGC1A associated with the anxiety phenotype. Initially PPARGC1A was discovered in the muscle cells and brown fat and characterized as a transcriptional co-act ...
... Use Disorders chosen for high or low genetic loading for anxiety-spectrum phenotypes. Several SNPs within the transcriptional co-activator PPARGC1A associated with the anxiety phenotype. Initially PPARGC1A was discovered in the muscle cells and brown fat and characterized as a transcriptional co-act ...
New methods for tightly regulated gene expression and
... is shown in Figure 1. In this system, non-replicating plasmids carrying either the attB or attP recombination sites are used to transform strains carrying the complementary recombination site and a constitutively expressed φC31 integrase (int) gene. Site-specific recombination between the attB and a ...
... is shown in Figure 1. In this system, non-replicating plasmids carrying either the attB or attP recombination sites are used to transform strains carrying the complementary recombination site and a constitutively expressed φC31 integrase (int) gene. Site-specific recombination between the attB and a ...
Quantitative inheritance
... used to predict outcome of a breeding method • And observe impact of a breeding program • And also to find out how observable properties of a population are influenced by genetic and nongenetic factors ...
... used to predict outcome of a breeding method • And observe impact of a breeding program • And also to find out how observable properties of a population are influenced by genetic and nongenetic factors ...
Evolution “for the Good of the Group”
... dispersion. Selfish strains have been observed both in the laboratory and in the field. The problem is to show how between-group selection can be strong enough to counterbalance what appears to be an extreme selective advantage for selfishness within groups. One possibility is that cell recognition ...
... dispersion. Selfish strains have been observed both in the laboratory and in the field. The problem is to show how between-group selection can be strong enough to counterbalance what appears to be an extreme selective advantage for selfishness within groups. One possibility is that cell recognition ...
Association between IGF1R / i16 / TaqI and IGF1 / SnaBI
... understandable. Comparing the sequences of primers designed by Moody et al. [1996] with NCBI reference sequence AC_000178.1 revealed that primers flanking the 625 bp fragment of bovine IGF1R gene are located in the exon 12 (forward primer) and 13 (reverse primer) and that polymorphism mentioned is l ...
... understandable. Comparing the sequences of primers designed by Moody et al. [1996] with NCBI reference sequence AC_000178.1 revealed that primers flanking the 625 bp fragment of bovine IGF1R gene are located in the exon 12 (forward primer) and 13 (reverse primer) and that polymorphism mentioned is l ...
Evolution of Immunoglobulin Kappa Chain Variable Region
... overall sequence divergence between the two sets of duplicate genes (;1%), Schäble and Zachau (1993) suggested that the duplication occurred about 1 MYA. The copy of the Vk region adjacent to Jk genes is called the p (proximal) contig, whereas the other copy of this region is called the d (distal) ...
... overall sequence divergence between the two sets of duplicate genes (;1%), Schäble and Zachau (1993) suggested that the duplication occurred about 1 MYA. The copy of the Vk region adjacent to Jk genes is called the p (proximal) contig, whereas the other copy of this region is called the d (distal) ...
Transdisciplinary Imaging Genetics Center
... two distinct forms of data Goal: Understand brain function in the context of an individual’s unique genetic background It is assumed that the integration of these field will provide new knowledge not otherwise obtainable: knowledge discovery ...
... two distinct forms of data Goal: Understand brain function in the context of an individual’s unique genetic background It is assumed that the integration of these field will provide new knowledge not otherwise obtainable: knowledge discovery ...
GENETIC CALCULATOR (BUDGERIGAR) Help File
... Selecting NORMAL from this list means that the selected bird contains no other genes from list, but may or may not contain genes from other lists in other Variety Combination windows, VARIETY INFORMATION The complete genetic picture for Crests is still not known. It is believed that Crests are produ ...
... Selecting NORMAL from this list means that the selected bird contains no other genes from list, but may or may not contain genes from other lists in other Variety Combination windows, VARIETY INFORMATION The complete genetic picture for Crests is still not known. It is believed that Crests are produ ...
Genome-wide deleterious mutation favors dispersal and
... average fitness) decreases with deme size. This is because selection becomes less effective as population size decreases. On balance, the increased exposure of recessive alleles caused by inbreeding does not compensate for the reduced power of selection due to finite population size. The average fit ...
... average fitness) decreases with deme size. This is because selection becomes less effective as population size decreases. On balance, the increased exposure of recessive alleles caused by inbreeding does not compensate for the reduced power of selection due to finite population size. The average fit ...
Recent approaches into the genetic basis of inbreeding depression
... depression will increase as a population becomes more inbred because of the loss of heterozygote advantage at many loci (Charlesworth & Charlesworth 1990). The polymorphisms that had been maintained by balancing selection will probably be lost eventually owing to genetic drift. This will lower the i ...
... depression will increase as a population becomes more inbred because of the loss of heterozygote advantage at many loci (Charlesworth & Charlesworth 1990). The polymorphisms that had been maintained by balancing selection will probably be lost eventually owing to genetic drift. This will lower the i ...
PDF
... by the processes of genetic hitchhiking and background selection and these effects are predicted to be larger in regions of low recombination [30,31], resulting in lower genetic diversity in these regions. Strong correlations exist in many species of fruit fly that have been used to predict that lar ...
... by the processes of genetic hitchhiking and background selection and these effects are predicted to be larger in regions of low recombination [30,31], resulting in lower genetic diversity in these regions. Strong correlations exist in many species of fruit fly that have been used to predict that lar ...
Full-Text PDF
... Today, the two most important questions in science concern the origin of the universe and the origin of life on Earth and, maybe, in other places. As for the former, its understanding is well advanced thanks to the great discoveries made in the last century (particle physics and cosmology). This is ...
... Today, the two most important questions in science concern the origin of the universe and the origin of life on Earth and, maybe, in other places. As for the former, its understanding is well advanced thanks to the great discoveries made in the last century (particle physics and cosmology). This is ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.