Alterations in Synaptic Strength Preceding Axon Withdrawal
... E – evoked quantal responses arranged in order of amp. Quantal content of axon 1 is 0.23 and quantal content of axon 2 is 1.20. F- axon 1 shows a gradual decrement in amp. without an obvious cut-off between smallest evoked events and failures. G – axon 2 shows a distinct cut-off between smallest evo ...
... E – evoked quantal responses arranged in order of amp. Quantal content of axon 1 is 0.23 and quantal content of axon 2 is 1.20. F- axon 1 shows a gradual decrement in amp. without an obvious cut-off between smallest evoked events and failures. G – axon 2 shows a distinct cut-off between smallest evo ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... several dendrites that are initially spine free but then become densely laden with spines after the first bifurcation. They account for up to 97% of striatal neurons in rodents but a smaller proportion in primates. They utilize GABA as their major neurotransmitter and are subdivided into two major s ...
... several dendrites that are initially spine free but then become densely laden with spines after the first bifurcation. They account for up to 97% of striatal neurons in rodents but a smaller proportion in primates. They utilize GABA as their major neurotransmitter and are subdivided into two major s ...
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to Perception
... In conventional protocols using steady postsynaptic depolarization, high-frequency presynaptic stimulation induces LTP and low-frequency stimulation induces LTD, but in STDP low-frequency stimulation can be used to induce both LTP and LTD. While in both types of protocols activation of N-methyl-D-as ...
... In conventional protocols using steady postsynaptic depolarization, high-frequency presynaptic stimulation induces LTP and low-frequency stimulation induces LTD, but in STDP low-frequency stimulation can be used to induce both LTP and LTD. While in both types of protocols activation of N-methyl-D-as ...
Perception Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to
... For neural circuits in vivo, however, spiking in both preand postsynaptic cells is likely to be irregular (98), with occasional high-frequency bursts. How well does the STDP window (Fig. 1) account for the effects of complex spike trains? Do all the pre/post spike pairs contribute independently to l ...
... For neural circuits in vivo, however, spiking in both preand postsynaptic cells is likely to be irregular (98), with occasional high-frequency bursts. How well does the STDP window (Fig. 1) account for the effects of complex spike trains? Do all the pre/post spike pairs contribute independently to l ...
Enhanced intrinsic excitability and EPSP
... after exposure to EE (Artola et al. 2006; Duffy et al. 2001). In contrast to the CA1 area, ...
... after exposure to EE (Artola et al. 2006; Duffy et al. 2001). In contrast to the CA1 area, ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... transmission at excitatory hippocampal synapses (Gasparini and others 2001). Taken together, these observations suggest that Ca2+ channels known to be involved in neurotransmitter release at small central synapses are a likely site for the initial modulatory action of BDNF at presynaptic terminals. ...
... transmission at excitatory hippocampal synapses (Gasparini and others 2001). Taken together, these observations suggest that Ca2+ channels known to be involved in neurotransmitter release at small central synapses are a likely site for the initial modulatory action of BDNF at presynaptic terminals. ...
Self-referential forces are sufficient to explain different dendritic
... growth rate. In addition, because segments are straight, we found that certain neurons whose tortuosity decreases or increases with distance from the soma can also be approximated by specifying a non-uniform growth rate under constant influence from our three forces applied to segments of increasing ...
... growth rate. In addition, because segments are straight, we found that certain neurons whose tortuosity decreases or increases with distance from the soma can also be approximated by specifying a non-uniform growth rate under constant influence from our three forces applied to segments of increasing ...
Synapse formation in developing neural circuits.
... synapses, or synaptic transmission. It is therefore befitting that the actual term ‘‘synapse’’ was not coined by a neuroanatomist, but by a physiologist named Charles Sherrington. Sherrington coined the term ‘‘synapse’’ to refer to the special connections from one nerve cell to another that facilita ...
... synapses, or synaptic transmission. It is therefore befitting that the actual term ‘‘synapse’’ was not coined by a neuroanatomist, but by a physiologist named Charles Sherrington. Sherrington coined the term ‘‘synapse’’ to refer to the special connections from one nerve cell to another that facilita ...
Neural circuit rewiring: insights from DD synapse remodeling
... and suggests that the specificity of axonal and dendritic cargo might be determined by factors besides the orientation of MTs. Mature neurons contain highly stable MTs, and they also contain an additional population of dynamic MTs, which constantly grow and shrink from the MT plus end. One possible f ...
... and suggests that the specificity of axonal and dendritic cargo might be determined by factors besides the orientation of MTs. Mature neurons contain highly stable MTs, and they also contain an additional population of dynamic MTs, which constantly grow and shrink from the MT plus end. One possible f ...
Alterations of Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus Are
... might play an important role in impairing mitochondrial dynamics [39]. During AD processes accumulation of APP occurs mostly in the mitochondrial import channels, inducing mito‐ chondrial functional impairment [40]. APP could not be processed to generate Aβ peptide locally [41] although a fraction o ...
... might play an important role in impairing mitochondrial dynamics [39]. During AD processes accumulation of APP occurs mostly in the mitochondrial import channels, inducing mito‐ chondrial functional impairment [40]. APP could not be processed to generate Aβ peptide locally [41] although a fraction o ...
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity: common themes
... This is easily understood from the perspective of a neuron that is not part of the correlated group (Fig. 3C). From this perspective, STDP strengthens only the synapses of the most correlated inputs. At this stage of the development of a column, activity originates in the input layer, passes unto th ...
... This is easily understood from the perspective of a neuron that is not part of the correlated group (Fig. 3C). From this perspective, STDP strengthens only the synapses of the most correlated inputs. At this stage of the development of a column, activity originates in the input layer, passes unto th ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” Brain mechanisms and how they can be related to behavior Cell assemblies The details of synaptic plasticity Exp ...
... repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” Brain mechanisms and how they can be related to behavior Cell assemblies The details of synaptic plasticity Exp ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” Brain mechanisms and how they can be related to behavior Cell assemblies The details of synaptic plasticity Exp ...
... repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” Brain mechanisms and how they can be related to behavior Cell assemblies The details of synaptic plasticity Exp ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... channels were activated by passively spread sodium spikes recorded at the same position, and experiments using dual recordings showed that the channels serve to actively dampen back-propagation of somatic sodium spikes. In more distal dendrites, potassium currents were activated by voltage waveforms ...
... channels were activated by passively spread sodium spikes recorded at the same position, and experiments using dual recordings showed that the channels serve to actively dampen back-propagation of somatic sodium spikes. In more distal dendrites, potassium currents were activated by voltage waveforms ...
NETMORPH: A Framework for the Stochastic
... tree and of competition for resources between different growth cones of a dendrite or an axon. The model for 3D neuronal morphogenesis is based on the dendritic growth model of Van Pelt et al., (Van Pelt et al. 2001a; Van Pelt and Uylings 2002, 2003, 2005) and extended with rules for the direction o ...
... tree and of competition for resources between different growth cones of a dendrite or an axon. The model for 3D neuronal morphogenesis is based on the dendritic growth model of Van Pelt et al., (Van Pelt et al. 2001a; Van Pelt and Uylings 2002, 2003, 2005) and extended with rules for the direction o ...
Irregular persistent activity induced by synaptic excitatory feedback
... Brunel and Wang, 2001), though not very robustly. However, these models do not account for the high irregularity shown in the experiments. While high irregularity can be obtained robustly in the baseline period, provided inhibition is sufficiently strong, because neurons receive synaptic inputs that ...
... Brunel and Wang, 2001), though not very robustly. However, these models do not account for the high irregularity shown in the experiments. While high irregularity can be obtained robustly in the baseline period, provided inhibition is sufficiently strong, because neurons receive synaptic inputs that ...
Full-Text PDF
... The role of presynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors at glutamatergic synapses has only recently been appreciated. Presynaptic NMDA receptors were first identified in cortical presynaptic terminals by electron microscopy by Aoki and colleagues in 1994 [73], while the first physiological evidence f ...
... The role of presynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors at glutamatergic synapses has only recently been appreciated. Presynaptic NMDA receptors were first identified in cortical presynaptic terminals by electron microscopy by Aoki and colleagues in 1994 [73], while the first physiological evidence f ...
Anatomy Review
... 28. (Page 7.) Chemical synapses transmit signals more slowly than __________ ________ but the signal may be either ________ or __________, and the signal can be modified as it passes from one neuron to the next. a. electrical synapses, excitatory, inhibitory b. chemical synapses, excitatory, inhibit ...
... 28. (Page 7.) Chemical synapses transmit signals more slowly than __________ ________ but the signal may be either ________ or __________, and the signal can be modified as it passes from one neuron to the next. a. electrical synapses, excitatory, inhibitory b. chemical synapses, excitatory, inhibit ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
NEOCORTEX
... cells form aboú207o of the neurons (Gabbott and Somogyi, 1986) in all cortical areas. These morphological differences in the dendritic structure are only one of many differences between these two basic types. For example, the spiny neurons are excitatory whereas the smooth neurons are inhibitory. Sp ...
... cells form aboú207o of the neurons (Gabbott and Somogyi, 1986) in all cortical areas. These morphological differences in the dendritic structure are only one of many differences between these two basic types. For example, the spiny neurons are excitatory whereas the smooth neurons are inhibitory. Sp ...
Document
... information from two regions outside the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and the entorhinal cortex, converge. In addition, this area is also characterized by strong recurrent feedback between CA3 pyramidal neurons forming what is thought to be an autoassociative network. Artificial neural networks co ...
... information from two regions outside the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and the entorhinal cortex, converge. In addition, this area is also characterized by strong recurrent feedback between CA3 pyramidal neurons forming what is thought to be an autoassociative network. Artificial neural networks co ...
The neuronal structure of the medial geniculate body in the pig
... (15–30 mm) into secondary dendrites. The secondary dendrites branch at a different distance from the cell body. Sporadically, undivided dendrites are also observed. The length of the primary and secondary dendrites is almost equal but the tertiary branches are usually prominently longer. The dendrit ...
... (15–30 mm) into secondary dendrites. The secondary dendrites branch at a different distance from the cell body. Sporadically, undivided dendrites are also observed. The length of the primary and secondary dendrites is almost equal but the tertiary branches are usually prominently longer. The dendrit ...
rEvIEW - McLoon Lab
... release were found to be more likely to be ensheathed by astrocytes22. It is equally possible, however, that synapses that are wrapped by an astrocyte are stabilized and receive nurturing signals that allow them to mature further. It is important to point out that astrocyte processes do not fully in ...
... release were found to be more likely to be ensheathed by astrocytes22. It is equally possible, however, that synapses that are wrapped by an astrocyte are stabilized and receive nurturing signals that allow them to mature further. It is important to point out that astrocyte processes do not fully in ...
REGENERATION OF AN IDENTIFIED CENTRAL NEURON IN THE
... Biology, Kline Biology Tower, Yale University, P. 0. Box 6666, New Haven, CT 06511. ...
... Biology, Kline Biology Tower, Yale University, P. 0. Box 6666, New Haven, CT 06511. ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... Transcription regulators of dendrite patterns Many transcription factors contribute to the specification of neuronal type-specific dendrite patterns. A distinct dendrite morphology can be achieved by varying the levels of a single transcription factor, the specific expression of a transcription fact ...
... Transcription regulators of dendrite patterns Many transcription factors contribute to the specification of neuronal type-specific dendrite patterns. A distinct dendrite morphology can be achieved by varying the levels of a single transcription factor, the specific expression of a transcription fact ...
Dendritic spine
A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single synapse of an axon. Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell body. Most spines have a bulbous head (the spine head), and a thin neck that connects the head of the spine to the shaft of the dendrite. The dendrites of a single neuron can contain hundreds to thousands of spines. In addition to spines providing an anatomical substrate for memory storage and synaptic transmission, they may also serve to increase the number of possible contacts between neurons.