THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... Through comparative homology modelling of mature BDNF to the crystal structure of PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN (POMC), Lou et al.10 identified a putative sorting motif in the mature domain that consists of four crucial amino acids: Ile16, Glu18, Ile105 and Asp106. Substituting the two acidic residues with a ...
... Through comparative homology modelling of mature BDNF to the crystal structure of PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN (POMC), Lou et al.10 identified a putative sorting motif in the mature domain that consists of four crucial amino acids: Ile16, Glu18, Ile105 and Asp106. Substituting the two acidic residues with a ...
ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REGULATION IN NEURONAL
... branch in characteristic locations along their paths, connecting with multiple targets in different regions of the nervous system. Dendrites usually do not extend over as long a distance away from the cell body as axons but often branch extensively, giving rise to dendritic trees characteristic of a ...
... branch in characteristic locations along their paths, connecting with multiple targets in different regions of the nervous system. Dendrites usually do not extend over as long a distance away from the cell body as axons but often branch extensively, giving rise to dendritic trees characteristic of a ...
MMNeuropharm2011
... the synaptic cleft that interacts with specific receptors located in the membrane of the adjacent postsynaptic neuron. While the transduction from the presynaptic electrical signal into a chemical and back to an electrical is a complex and energy-consuming phenomenon, it has the advantage to allow fo ...
... the synaptic cleft that interacts with specific receptors located in the membrane of the adjacent postsynaptic neuron. While the transduction from the presynaptic electrical signal into a chemical and back to an electrical is a complex and energy-consuming phenomenon, it has the advantage to allow fo ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... BrdU positive and Ki67 negative. The percentage of BrdU ⫹/Ki67 ⫺ cells was only slightly increased in L100P mutants (97.41 ⫾ 2.91%; p ⫽ 0.018) but not Q31L (96.75 ⫾ 3.04%) compared to WT (95.26 ⫾ 3.00%) (Fig. 2 E). These subtle effects suggest that our Disc1 mutations may not have strong effects on ...
... BrdU positive and Ki67 negative. The percentage of BrdU ⫹/Ki67 ⫺ cells was only slightly increased in L100P mutants (97.41 ⫾ 2.91%; p ⫽ 0.018) but not Q31L (96.75 ⫾ 3.04%) compared to WT (95.26 ⫾ 3.00%) (Fig. 2 E). These subtle effects suggest that our Disc1 mutations may not have strong effects on ...
Core Knowledge in Orthopaedics: Spine
... from their formal training. Lastly, nurses, physician assistants, spinal care physicians (chiropractors, anesthesiologists, physiatrists) and hospital administrators may also use this book to become familiar with a review of commonly used terminologies and frequently performed spinal procedures. The ...
... from their formal training. Lastly, nurses, physician assistants, spinal care physicians (chiropractors, anesthesiologists, physiatrists) and hospital administrators may also use this book to become familiar with a review of commonly used terminologies and frequently performed spinal procedures. The ...
Molecular heterogeneity of central synapses: afferent and target
... studies indicate this is due primarily to expression by GABAergic but not glutamatergic neurons9,12,13. Direct evidence for targeting of GAD to all presynaptic terminals of expressing cells has been shown by colocalization of GAD and synaptophysin immunofluorescence puncta in isolated neuron culture ...
... studies indicate this is due primarily to expression by GABAergic but not glutamatergic neurons9,12,13. Direct evidence for targeting of GAD to all presynaptic terminals of expressing cells has been shown by colocalization of GAD and synaptophysin immunofluorescence puncta in isolated neuron culture ...
Anatomy Review - Interactive Physiology
... 28. (Page 7.) Chemical synapses transmit signals more slowly than __________ ________ but the signal may be either ________ or __________, and the signal can be modified as it passes from one neuron to the next. a. electrical synapses, excitatory, inhibitory b. chemical synapses, excitatory, inhibit ...
... 28. (Page 7.) Chemical synapses transmit signals more slowly than __________ ________ but the signal may be either ________ or __________, and the signal can be modified as it passes from one neuron to the next. a. electrical synapses, excitatory, inhibitory b. chemical synapses, excitatory, inhibit ...
Molecular Basis for Induction of Ocular Dominance
... related to the history of cortical activity, LTD and LTP have been studied in the visual cortex of visually deprived animals (stimulating layer IV or the white matter, and recording synaptic responses in layer III). A consistent finding is that LTD magnitude is reduced in animals that have been bino ...
... related to the history of cortical activity, LTD and LTP have been studied in the visual cortex of visually deprived animals (stimulating layer IV or the white matter, and recording synaptic responses in layer III). A consistent finding is that LTD magnitude is reduced in animals that have been bino ...
Functional maps within a single neuron
... Physiological Roles of the Intraneuronal Functional Maps Why should these physiological measurements be organized systematically within a single neuron? What roles do these maps play? In general, different maps are known to play different functions. The map of increasing local EPSP amplitudes in CA1 ...
... Physiological Roles of the Intraneuronal Functional Maps Why should these physiological measurements be organized systematically within a single neuron? What roles do these maps play? In general, different maps are known to play different functions. The map of increasing local EPSP amplitudes in CA1 ...
BDNF-induced local protein synthesis and synaptic
... element on the 30 UTR of the Arc mRNA showed a moderate ability to target these transcripts to dendrites (Kobayashi et al., 2005). However, it is currently unknown whether hnRNPA2 is required for Arc mRNA trafficking along dendrites in vivo and the identity of the trans-acting factors that recognize ...
... element on the 30 UTR of the Arc mRNA showed a moderate ability to target these transcripts to dendrites (Kobayashi et al., 2005). However, it is currently unknown whether hnRNPA2 is required for Arc mRNA trafficking along dendrites in vivo and the identity of the trans-acting factors that recognize ...
Engineering new synaptic connections in the C. elegans connectome
... Nevertheless, a functional understanding of neural circuits requires a functional analysis of the structure revealed by connectomics. Much information can be gained from recording activity patterns in identified circuits and from molecular characterization of individual mapped synapses.7 However, ob ...
... Nevertheless, a functional understanding of neural circuits requires a functional analysis of the structure revealed by connectomics. Much information can be gained from recording activity patterns in identified circuits and from molecular characterization of individual mapped synapses.7 However, ob ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... vesicles in the presynaptic bouton, rigid apposition of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes and associated widening of the extracellular space; and the presence of pre- and postsynaptic membrane specializations. Asymmetric synapses (type I) were classified by thickened postsynaptic densities a ...
... vesicles in the presynaptic bouton, rigid apposition of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes and associated widening of the extracellular space; and the presence of pre- and postsynaptic membrane specializations. Asymmetric synapses (type I) were classified by thickened postsynaptic densities a ...
Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Conditions
... – Loss or change in sensation anywhere in the body – Paralysis or inability to move a body part – Diminished or absent reflexes – Muscle weakness in a myotome – Pain radiating into the extremities – Trunk or abdominal pain referred from visceral organs – Any injury involving uncertainty about severi ...
... – Loss or change in sensation anywhere in the body – Paralysis or inability to move a body part – Diminished or absent reflexes – Muscle weakness in a myotome – Pain radiating into the extremities – Trunk or abdominal pain referred from visceral organs – Any injury involving uncertainty about severi ...
Calcium Regulation of Dendritic Growth via CaM Kinase IV and
... few days (Wu et al., 1999). During this period of rapid dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptors, and pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors markedly reduces dendritic growth rates (Rajan and Cline, 1998). While these observations indicate that afferent acti ...
... few days (Wu et al., 1999). During this period of rapid dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptors, and pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors markedly reduces dendritic growth rates (Rajan and Cline, 1998). While these observations indicate that afferent acti ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the patterns of PNs’ axon collaterals to the MB calyx, certain PN axon ...
... individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the patterns of PNs’ axon collaterals to the MB calyx, certain PN axon ...
Nancy A. O`Rourke Nicholas C. Weiler Kristina D
... postsynaptic proteome of parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses was isolated based on the specific expression of a glutamate receptor subtype in this population. The authors identified 60 highly enriched proteins, some of which were not seen in heterogenous synapse purifications and may be specifi ...
... postsynaptic proteome of parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses was isolated based on the specific expression of a glutamate receptor subtype in this population. The authors identified 60 highly enriched proteins, some of which were not seen in heterogenous synapse purifications and may be specifi ...
Temporal Sequence Detection with Spiking Neurons: Towards
... active dendrites and dynamic synapses in an integrated model. For a long time, dendrites have been thought to be the structures where complex neuronal computation takes place, but only recently have we begun to understand how they operate. The dendrites do not simply collect and pass synaptic inputs ...
... active dendrites and dynamic synapses in an integrated model. For a long time, dendrites have been thought to be the structures where complex neuronal computation takes place, but only recently have we begun to understand how they operate. The dendrites do not simply collect and pass synaptic inputs ...
The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse
... and over 100 000 synapses. (b) A zoomed-in micrograph of a cortical microglial cell from the CX3CR1-EGFP knock-in mouse. Microglia have a single soma with many branches that survey synaptic tissue to regulate synapse formation, elimination, and plasticity. Scale = 5 mm3. Source: Image in B courtesy ...
... and over 100 000 synapses. (b) A zoomed-in micrograph of a cortical microglial cell from the CX3CR1-EGFP knock-in mouse. Microglia have a single soma with many branches that survey synaptic tissue to regulate synapse formation, elimination, and plasticity. Scale = 5 mm3. Source: Image in B courtesy ...
Estrogen Actions Throughout the Brain
... region involved in spatial and declarative memory. Thus, ovarian steroids have measurable effects on affective state as well as cognition, with implications for dementia. Two actions are discussed in this review; both appear to involve a combination of genomic and nongenomic actions of ovarian hormo ...
... region involved in spatial and declarative memory. Thus, ovarian steroids have measurable effects on affective state as well as cognition, with implications for dementia. Two actions are discussed in this review; both appear to involve a combination of genomic and nongenomic actions of ovarian hormo ...
Neuronal Regulation Implements Efficient Synaptic Pruning
... This paper studies one of the fundamental puzzles in brain development: the massive synaptic pruning observed in mammals during childhood , removing more than half of the synapses until puberty (see [1] for review) . This phenomenon is observed in various areas of the brain both in animal studies an ...
... This paper studies one of the fundamental puzzles in brain development: the massive synaptic pruning observed in mammals during childhood , removing more than half of the synapses until puberty (see [1] for review) . This phenomenon is observed in various areas of the brain both in animal studies an ...
The neuronal structure of the substantia nigra in the guinea pig
... observed in the SN newborn infant disappear during the early stages of development. A significant loss of dendritic spines and dendrites was also observed in the human SN neurons, especially in the oldest cases [6]. In our material no typical spines but varicosities and bead-like protuberances were ...
... observed in the SN newborn infant disappear during the early stages of development. A significant loss of dendritic spines and dendrites was also observed in the human SN neurons, especially in the oldest cases [6]. In our material no typical spines but varicosities and bead-like protuberances were ...
Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed reduced complexity of dendritic arbors, and dendrites with fewer branches and spines. These results indicated that retinal activity participates in RGC dendritic arborization. In a recipro ...
... action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed reduced complexity of dendritic arbors, and dendrites with fewer branches and spines. These results indicated that retinal activity participates in RGC dendritic arborization. In a recipro ...
Synaptic Neurotransmission and the Anatomically Addressed
... neurons, can occur in mature human brains, it is perhaps equally shocking that - periodically throughout the life cycle and under certain specific conditions - neurons decide to kill themselves in a type of molecular hari-kari called apoptosis (Figures 2-1, 2-2, and 2-10). In fact, up to 90% of the ...
... neurons, can occur in mature human brains, it is perhaps equally shocking that - periodically throughout the life cycle and under certain specific conditions - neurons decide to kill themselves in a type of molecular hari-kari called apoptosis (Figures 2-1, 2-2, and 2-10). In fact, up to 90% of the ...
Dendritic RNA Transport: Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Control of Neuronal Gene Expression
... from stress granules, they will be referred to as transport messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). Neuronal cytoplasmic transport mRNPs appear quite heterogeneous in size and have been estimated by ultrastructural methods to be between 200 and 600 mm in diameter and greater in mass than polyribosome ...
... from stress granules, they will be referred to as transport messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). Neuronal cytoplasmic transport mRNPs appear quite heterogeneous in size and have been estimated by ultrastructural methods to be between 200 and 600 mm in diameter and greater in mass than polyribosome ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... roughly uniform density of potassium channels across the so- ...
... roughly uniform density of potassium channels across the so- ...
Dendritic spine
A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single synapse of an axon. Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell body. Most spines have a bulbous head (the spine head), and a thin neck that connects the head of the spine to the shaft of the dendrite. The dendrites of a single neuron can contain hundreds to thousands of spines. In addition to spines providing an anatomical substrate for memory storage and synaptic transmission, they may also serve to increase the number of possible contacts between neurons.