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Refraction effect in an in-plane-switching blue
Refraction effect in an in-plane-switching blue

... contributes to the transmittance of the IPS-BPLC cell. Moreover, the electric fields are not uniform in an IPS-BPLC cell, especially in the vicinity of electrode edges, the strong electric fields could cause lattice deformation which in turn leads to hysteresis [22]. To reduce operation voltage and ...
Biology Unit Title: Basic Biological Principles Timeline (approximate
Biology Unit Title: Basic Biological Principles Timeline (approximate

... nuclear division, cytokinesis. ...
BIM1 Encodes a Microtubule-binding Protein in Yeast.
BIM1 Encodes a Microtubule-binding Protein in Yeast.

... viable (see below), the bim1D::URA3 disruption cassette was introduced directly into the haploid DBY7826 (a derivative of DBY6592 that no longer contains pRB326) by transformation, producing DBY7300. For the purpose of genetic analysis, the bim1D::ura3::ADE2 allele was created by transforming DBY730 ...
supplementary information
supplementary information

... Supplementary Figure 6: Growth rate of cooperator (red squares) and cheater (blue circles) strains as a function of the histidine concentration in the media. Growth rate during exponential phase was measured in minimal media containing 2% glucose and supplemented with the indicated concentration of ...
A previously uncharacterized tetratricopeptide-repeat
A previously uncharacterized tetratricopeptide-repeat

Transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis root hairs and
Transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis root hairs and

... but are an emergent property of the complexity of other underlying levels of organization based on fundamental chemical and physical properties of DNA and proteins. There is no easy way to circumvent these limitations at our present understanding of biology, but usable clues could arise from applyin ...
Cell-wall carbohydrates and their modification as a resource for
Cell-wall carbohydrates and their modification as a resource for

... evolved wall structures to accommodate their needs in completing their lifecycle, not to suit mankind’s desire to exploit this resource for the production of biofuels. As a result, cell walls are naturally resistant to breakdown by mechanical and microbial forces, which are precisely the processes n ...
Activation of DNA Damage Response Pathways during Lytic
Activation of DNA Damage Response Pathways during Lytic

... latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). In order to propagate, the virus must switch to the lytic phase, during which the majority of viral genes are expressed, viral DNA is amplified and infectious virus is released following lysis of the host cell. The viral replication and transcription activa ...
Cytochrome c Is Released in a Reactive Oxygen
Cytochrome c Is Released in a Reactive Oxygen

... process studied in this work. In heat-shocked tobacco cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced with early mitochondrial damage (Vacca et al., 2004). On the other hand, among a variety of events occurring during PCD, the release of cytochrome c (cyt c) has been shown both in mammalian and pl ...
Complementary Signaling Pathways Regulate the Unfolded Protein
Complementary Signaling Pathways Regulate the Unfolded Protein

... Kawahara et al., 1997; Mori et al., 2000). As the cellular level of Hac1p increases, the transcription of genes harboring UPR elements (UPREs) in their promoters is activated. In the mammalian genome, there are two homologs of yeast IRE1, Ire1␣ and Ire1␤. Whereas IRE1␣ is expressed in all cells and ...
Chapter 18
Chapter 18

... • Eukaryotic mRNA is more long lived than prokaryotic mRNA • The mRNA life span is determined in part by sequences in the leader and trailer regions – 5’ untranslated region and poly A tail Animation: mRNA Degradation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Avoidance of Four-way Junctions and
Avoidance of Four-way Junctions and

... points of intense fluorescence (e.g., black arrows). These can be traced in b (e.g., white arrow) to strands radiating from the nucleus. In the lower cell (a), the PPB is regular to the right, but to the left (arrowheads) bifurcates either side of a three-way junction. (c) Outer epidermal wall of an ...
Somatic Cytokinesis and Pollen Maturation in Arabidopsis
Somatic Cytokinesis and Pollen Maturation in Arabidopsis

... of a ring of microtubules and actin filaments, encircles the nucleus at prophase, and determines the future division zone (Mineyuki and Gunning, 1990; Wick, 1991; Mineyuki, 1999). The PPB is removed before chromosome segregation and cytokinesis and therefore cannot contribute directly to the cell pl ...
Choose your fate: artery, vein or lymphatic vessel?
Choose your fate: artery, vein or lymphatic vessel?

... proliferation of Prox1-positive lymphatic endothelial cells from the cardinal veins [43"]. In the absence of VEGF-C, lymphatic development is arrested, although Prox1 expression is still initiated in cardinal vein endothelial cells [43"]. These studies confirm Sabin’s hypothesis that lymphatic vesse ...
Mutations in the Drosophila Condensin Subunit
Mutations in the Drosophila Condensin Subunit

... extension that is not homologous to regions within other CAP-G proteins. We used the EP-element insertion to generate additional dcap-g alleles by imprecise excision. We derived seven new lethal alleles and one semilethal, female-sterile allele (Figure 1D). One lethal allele, dcap-g K4, is a deletio ...
Brief rapid pacing depresses contractile function via Ca
Brief rapid pacing depresses contractile function via Ca

... activation of ATP-sensitive K⫹ channels, indicating cellular hypoxia. However, exposure to 5 ␮M glibenclamide, a specific inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K⫹ channels (11), failed to prevent RP-induced shortening of APD90 [control ⫺16 ⫾ 7% (n ⫽ 6) vs. glibenclamide ⫺14 ⫾ 6% (n ⫽ 7)]. This result is consis ...
Brief rapid pacing depresses contractile function via Ca - AJP
Brief rapid pacing depresses contractile function via Ca - AJP

... activation of ATP-sensitive K⫹ channels, indicating cellular hypoxia. However, exposure to 5 ␮M glibenclamide, a specific inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K⫹ channels (11), failed to prevent RP-induced shortening of APD90 [control ⫺16 ⫾ 7% (n ⫽ 6) vs. glibenclamide ⫺14 ⫾ 6% (n ⫽ 7)]. This result is consis ...
A Golgi and tonoplast localized Sacyl transferase is involved in cell
A Golgi and tonoplast localized Sacyl transferase is involved in cell

... 32.4% identity with these predicted proteins, with the greatest similarity in the DHHC-CRD region. It does not have N-terminal ankrin repeats. AtPAT10 is an S-acyl transferase Yeast AKR1p has been shown to be an S-acyl transferase (Roth et al., 2002). The loss-of-function mutant akr1 shows various t ...
Biology II pacing Guide 5-10-2012-i1
Biology II pacing Guide 5-10-2012-i1

... • Translation of a messenger RNA strand into a protein • Processing by organelles so that the protein is appropriately packaged, labeled, and eventually exported by the cell • Messenger RNA codon charts to determine the effects of different types of mutations on amino acid sequence and protein struc ...
Chapter 4
Chapter 4

... engulfed by the plasma membrane and enter the cell in vesicles; vesicles fuse with lysosomes, where the particles are digested ...
Audit 2013-01 Compliance with County Cell Phone Policy
Audit 2013-01 Compliance with County Cell Phone Policy

... We recommend a lower voice reimbursement amount be offered for employees on option B with minimal voice/cell usage or who use phones primarily for data or email. Due to an every-changing business environment, the County Manager should review the tiers for the stipend plan (Option B) at least annuall ...
Movements and stepwise fusion of endodermal precursor cells in
Movements and stepwise fusion of endodermal precursor cells in

... large, yolky endodermal precursor cells, macromeres A′′′, B′′′ and C′′′ (Nardelli-Haefliger and Shankland 1993; Smith et al. 1996). We report here that the macromeres undergo stepwise cell fusions and marked positional changes prior to and during epiboly. Prior to epiboly in Helobdella, stereotyped ...
Degradation of plant cell wall polymers
Degradation of plant cell wall polymers

... is Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor, the ligninases of which were first studied by Dodson et al. (1987), which causes white rot decay of broad-leaved tree species in temperate forest ecosystems. This fungus has been widely used in bioremediation programmes and characterization of its ligninases is now ...
Role of Integration Host Factor in the Transcriptional Activation of
Role of Integration Host Factor in the Transcriptional Activation of

- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... Keywords SUMO; meiosis; Ecm11. ...
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Cell cycle



The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.
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