Immunological Memory: Contribution of Memory B Cells Expressing
... amelioration of autoimmunity in both animal models and human disease (23, 24). Unlike professional APCs such as dendritic cells and monocytes that express high constitutive levels of CD86, resting B cells have previously been shown to express low levels of CD86 and no CD80. It has generally been acc ...
... amelioration of autoimmunity in both animal models and human disease (23, 24). Unlike professional APCs such as dendritic cells and monocytes that express high constitutive levels of CD86, resting B cells have previously been shown to express low levels of CD86 and no CD80. It has generally been acc ...
Targeting Robo4-dependent slit signaling to survive the cytokine storm in sepsis and influenza. Science Trans Med 2, 1-9.
... albumin (EBA) as a tracer, we found that Slit2N significantly reduced vascular leak in the lungs of LPS-treated Robo4+/+ mice (Fig. 3A). The effect of Slit2N was lost in Robo4-null (Robo4AP/AP) mice, showing that Robo4 is necessary for the effect of Slit2N in vivo (Fig. 3A). This result also indicat ...
... albumin (EBA) as a tracer, we found that Slit2N significantly reduced vascular leak in the lungs of LPS-treated Robo4+/+ mice (Fig. 3A). The effect of Slit2N was lost in Robo4-null (Robo4AP/AP) mice, showing that Robo4 is necessary for the effect of Slit2N in vivo (Fig. 3A). This result also indicat ...
The linkage between cell wall metabolism and fruit
... plant species. However, it is important to emphasise that, while many of the general ideas about how fruit softening is regulated have been drawn from the ‘tomato model’, some of which may be applicable to other fruits, there are clearly features that vary between species. ‘Softening’ should therefo ...
... plant species. However, it is important to emphasise that, while many of the general ideas about how fruit softening is regulated have been drawn from the ‘tomato model’, some of which may be applicable to other fruits, there are clearly features that vary between species. ‘Softening’ should therefo ...
Physical and Chemical Basis of Cytoplasmic Streaming
... carded along with the streaming, is exceedingly great comparedwith ordinary cytoplasmic streaming in plant calls (71). Moreover,the direction streaming alternates according to a rhythmic pattern. There is good evidence to show that the flow of endoplasmis caused passively by a local difference in th ...
... carded along with the streaming, is exceedingly great comparedwith ordinary cytoplasmic streaming in plant calls (71). Moreover,the direction streaming alternates according to a rhythmic pattern. There is good evidence to show that the flow of endoplasmis caused passively by a local difference in th ...
Genetic Block of Outer Plaque Morphogenesis at the Second Meiotic
... An hfdl-1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SOS4, characterized by predominant production of two-spored asci at 29 " C , undergoes normal meiotic nuclear divisions and produces four haploid nuclei, but only two non-sister nuclei among them are incorporated into mature ascospores. Spindle pole bodi ...
... An hfdl-1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SOS4, characterized by predominant production of two-spored asci at 29 " C , undergoes normal meiotic nuclear divisions and produces four haploid nuclei, but only two non-sister nuclei among them are incorporated into mature ascospores. Spindle pole bodi ...
Cytomechanical properties of papaver pollen tubes are altered after
... a bi- or tridimensional structure. In animal cells, neurons provide a quasimonodimensional system that has been studied in detail (Palanivelu and Preuss, 2000). A comparable plant cell system, the pollen tube, has similar monodimensional properties to neuronal cells. Pollen tubes are long, thin, tub ...
... a bi- or tridimensional structure. In animal cells, neurons provide a quasimonodimensional system that has been studied in detail (Palanivelu and Preuss, 2000). A comparable plant cell system, the pollen tube, has similar monodimensional properties to neuronal cells. Pollen tubes are long, thin, tub ...
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore as a target for - AJP
... which are translocated to the external face of the cell membrane (1). Cellular necrosis was determined with PI, which binds to the nuclei of cells whose plasma membrane have become permeable (17). For each treatment group, the numbers of rod-shaped, AV-stained, and PI-stained cells were counted in t ...
... which are translocated to the external face of the cell membrane (1). Cellular necrosis was determined with PI, which binds to the nuclei of cells whose plasma membrane have become permeable (17). For each treatment group, the numbers of rod-shaped, AV-stained, and PI-stained cells were counted in t ...
5 | structure and function of plasma membranes
... of its mosaic nature, a very fine needle can easily penetrate a plasma membrane without causing it to burst, and the membrane will flow and self-seal when the needle is extracted. The mosaic characteristics of the membrane explain some but not all of its fluidity. There are two other factors that he ...
... of its mosaic nature, a very fine needle can easily penetrate a plasma membrane without causing it to burst, and the membrane will flow and self-seal when the needle is extracted. The mosaic characteristics of the membrane explain some but not all of its fluidity. There are two other factors that he ...
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
... it is eventually lost as nitrogen into the atmosphere, its maintenance requires continuous replenishment with reduced nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen. Biological reduction of nitrogen to ammonia can be performed only by some prokaryotes and is a highly oxygen-sensitive process. The most efficient ...
... it is eventually lost as nitrogen into the atmosphere, its maintenance requires continuous replenishment with reduced nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen. Biological reduction of nitrogen to ammonia can be performed only by some prokaryotes and is a highly oxygen-sensitive process. The most efficient ...
The Mechanisms of hsp27 Antibody-Mediated Apoptosis in Retinal
... (Fig. 1 A). Using control mouse antibodies, anti-IgG or anticalbindin-D, immunogold labeling was negative in retinal neuronal cells (Fig. 1 B,C). The internalization of exogenously applied hsp27 antibody exhibited a time-dependent pattern. In retina incubated with hsp27 antibody for 30 min, immunogo ...
... (Fig. 1 A). Using control mouse antibodies, anti-IgG or anticalbindin-D, immunogold labeling was negative in retinal neuronal cells (Fig. 1 B,C). The internalization of exogenously applied hsp27 antibody exhibited a time-dependent pattern. In retina incubated with hsp27 antibody for 30 min, immunogo ...
Dynamic Organization of DNA Replication in Mammalian Cell Nuclei
... within the nucleus by folding in a specific manner and by contacting the nuclear surface at specific sites (Agard and Sedat, 1983 ; Mathog et al ., 1984; Hochstrasser et al., 1986; Hochstrasser and Sedat, 1987a,b) . Often, the disposition of the nucleolus is characteristic of the cell type . In epit ...
... within the nucleus by folding in a specific manner and by contacting the nuclear surface at specific sites (Agard and Sedat, 1983 ; Mathog et al ., 1984; Hochstrasser et al., 1986; Hochstrasser and Sedat, 1987a,b) . Often, the disposition of the nucleolus is characteristic of the cell type . In epit ...
during T Lymphocyte Activation Coordinately Regulated by ERK
... Activation of a naive T cell is a highly energetic event, which requires a substantial increase in nutrient metabolism. Upon stimulation, T cells increase in size, rapidly proliferate, and differentiate, all of which lead to a high demand for energetic and biosynthetic precursors. Although amino aci ...
... Activation of a naive T cell is a highly energetic event, which requires a substantial increase in nutrient metabolism. Upon stimulation, T cells increase in size, rapidly proliferate, and differentiate, all of which lead to a high demand for energetic and biosynthetic precursors. Although amino aci ...
Cell behaviour and cleft palate in the mutant mouse
... 12-5 days, when they appear as a pair of parallel ridges growing down from either side of the roof of the buccal cavity (Fig. 1 a). That these are ridges can be seen at their posterior end where the knife has cut a glancing transverse section through the tissue. By the 14th day of development (14-5 ...
... 12-5 days, when they appear as a pair of parallel ridges growing down from either side of the roof of the buccal cavity (Fig. 1 a). That these are ridges can be seen at their posterior end where the knife has cut a glancing transverse section through the tissue. By the 14th day of development (14-5 ...
New Phytologist
... Surface-sterilized seeds were rinsed six times in sterile distilled water, and germinated on 1% (w/v) agar plates in darkness at room temperature. Young seedlings with roots approx. 1 cm long were removed from the germination plates and immersed for 2 h in a suspension of strain BTA-1 or BGA-1. Unin ...
... Surface-sterilized seeds were rinsed six times in sterile distilled water, and germinated on 1% (w/v) agar plates in darkness at room temperature. Young seedlings with roots approx. 1 cm long were removed from the germination plates and immersed for 2 h in a suspension of strain BTA-1 or BGA-1. Unin ...
1 - Purdue Department of Biological Sciences
... protoxylem undergoes severe stretching and is eventually destroyed. Metaxylem is initiated in the still-growing primary plant body, but matures largely after stem elongation is completed. Metaxylem may have spiral, scalariform, reticulate, or pitted elements. In plants lacking secondary growth, the ...
... protoxylem undergoes severe stretching and is eventually destroyed. Metaxylem is initiated in the still-growing primary plant body, but matures largely after stem elongation is completed. Metaxylem may have spiral, scalariform, reticulate, or pitted elements. In plants lacking secondary growth, the ...
3. The Sea Urchin
... released upon fertilization. These are lamellar structures which contain components necessary for the construction of the fertilization envelope (3.2) and the hyaline layer, an extracellular matrix layer which lies on the outside of the embryo. Pigment granules are particularly prominent in species ...
... released upon fertilization. These are lamellar structures which contain components necessary for the construction of the fertilization envelope (3.2) and the hyaline layer, an extracellular matrix layer which lies on the outside of the embryo. Pigment granules are particularly prominent in species ...
Enzyme Activities Associated with Carbohydrate
... antinotransferase. This enzyme may be a point of control for chitin synthesis. The results in Fig. 2 ( d ) were obtained with concentrations of fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine giving maximum enzyme activity. Study of the relative enzyme activity shown by the ratio of the activity in the two forms ...
... antinotransferase. This enzyme may be a point of control for chitin synthesis. The results in Fig. 2 ( d ) were obtained with concentrations of fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine giving maximum enzyme activity. Study of the relative enzyme activity shown by the ratio of the activity in the two forms ...
Cell Fate Specification in the C. elegans Embryo
... and tissues. When a cell has been specified for a particular fate, it is capable of generating those tissues if cultured away from the remainder of the embryo (Wolpert et al., 2007). As all embryonic cells are derived from the zygote by mitosis, cells must acquire differences in gene expression over ...
... and tissues. When a cell has been specified for a particular fate, it is capable of generating those tissues if cultured away from the remainder of the embryo (Wolpert et al., 2007). As all embryonic cells are derived from the zygote by mitosis, cells must acquire differences in gene expression over ...
Introduction-to-OBO - Buffalo Ontology Site
... Benefits of orthogonality • it supports the strategy of utilizing crossproducts in composing terms and definitions • this strategy will work only if we can – minimize the degree of arbitrariness involved in selecting the terms to be composed – and thereby maximize the degree to which the Foundry on ...
... Benefits of orthogonality • it supports the strategy of utilizing crossproducts in composing terms and definitions • this strategy will work only if we can – minimize the degree of arbitrariness involved in selecting the terms to be composed – and thereby maximize the degree to which the Foundry on ...
A Division-Dependent Compartmental Model for Computing Cell
... The goal of such a mathematical model is to provide biologists with simple yet intuitive and meaningful parameters with which a population of dividing cells can be described. In particular, information such as average rates of division and cell viability are essential to the analysis of the effects ...
... The goal of such a mathematical model is to provide biologists with simple yet intuitive and meaningful parameters with which a population of dividing cells can be described. In particular, information such as average rates of division and cell viability are essential to the analysis of the effects ...
T cell metabolism drives immunity
... group identified mice with enhanced CD8 T cell responses to viral and tumor challenge (Okoye et al., 2015). The source of the heightened immunity gained after germline mutagenesis was the increased expression of an orphan protein, identified as lymphocyte expansion molecule (LEM). Interestingly, aug ...
... group identified mice with enhanced CD8 T cell responses to viral and tumor challenge (Okoye et al., 2015). The source of the heightened immunity gained after germline mutagenesis was the increased expression of an orphan protein, identified as lymphocyte expansion molecule (LEM). Interestingly, aug ...
functional differentiation of enterocytes in the follicle
... in the FAE. It is the absence of this second phase of carrier expression that results in the differences seen when measuring amino acid entry into these two tissues. Why FAE enterocytes fail to show this later stage of functional differentiation remains unclear. One suggestion could be that this asp ...
... in the FAE. It is the absence of this second phase of carrier expression that results in the differences seen when measuring amino acid entry into these two tissues. Why FAE enterocytes fail to show this later stage of functional differentiation remains unclear. One suggestion could be that this asp ...
Programmed Cell Death in Neurons
... of the PCD pathway are evolutionarily conserved, variations of this pathway exist that depend on the cell type and the apoptosis-inducing stimulus. For example, death may be fast (4 – 6 hr, as in Fas-mediated PCD) or slow (24 – 48 hr, as in trophic factor deprivation-induced neuronal death) and inhi ...
... of the PCD pathway are evolutionarily conserved, variations of this pathway exist that depend on the cell type and the apoptosis-inducing stimulus. For example, death may be fast (4 – 6 hr, as in Fas-mediated PCD) or slow (24 – 48 hr, as in trophic factor deprivation-induced neuronal death) and inhi ...