Formation of Persisting Cell Wall Deficient Forms of Mycobacterium
... phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages in guinea pigs. Although peritoneal macrophages are not typical niche for mycobacteria, we attempted to inhibit the classical bacterial forms and to induce occurrence of cell wall deficient forms by using an unusual unfavorable location (peritoneal cavity) of i ...
... phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages in guinea pigs. Although peritoneal macrophages are not typical niche for mycobacteria, we attempted to inhibit the classical bacterial forms and to induce occurrence of cell wall deficient forms by using an unusual unfavorable location (peritoneal cavity) of i ...
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
... describe the autophagy machinery in this section. ATG proteins are often listed in six functional groups that cooperate to perform key processes in autophagosome formation [3]: first, UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1, a yeast Atg1 homolog) kinase complex comprised of ULK1, FIP200 (also known as RB1CC1), A ...
... describe the autophagy machinery in this section. ATG proteins are often listed in six functional groups that cooperate to perform key processes in autophagosome formation [3]: first, UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1, a yeast Atg1 homolog) kinase complex comprised of ULK1, FIP200 (also known as RB1CC1), A ...
Auxin and other signals on the move in plants
... phototropism)2–4. Plant hormones, which are small signaling molecules, play a crucial role in regulating and coordinating plant growth and are involved in all developmental processes, including directional growth responses (tropisms)4, control of plant architecture5–7, abiotic and biotic stress resp ...
... phototropism)2–4. Plant hormones, which are small signaling molecules, play a crucial role in regulating and coordinating plant growth and are involved in all developmental processes, including directional growth responses (tropisms)4, control of plant architecture5–7, abiotic and biotic stress resp ...
Calcium-induced calcium release supports recruitment of synaptic
... dent SK channel, did not vary the spontaneous activity reduction obtained with caffeine (data not shown), thus ruling out a potential contribution of SK-evoked hyperpolarization due to Ca2⫹ release from ER. Reduction during prolonged caffeine application could alternatively be explained by eventual ...
... dent SK channel, did not vary the spontaneous activity reduction obtained with caffeine (data not shown), thus ruling out a potential contribution of SK-evoked hyperpolarization due to Ca2⫹ release from ER. Reduction during prolonged caffeine application could alternatively be explained by eventual ...
The Developmental Capacity of Nuclei taken from Intestinal
... suggested by Briggs, King, & Di Berardino (1960) to account for abnormal cleavage in their experiments. It can be concluded that transplanted nuclei which promote abortive cleavage do so through their inability to divide normally. This prevents them showing the range of cell types that they are gene ...
... suggested by Briggs, King, & Di Berardino (1960) to account for abnormal cleavage in their experiments. It can be concluded that transplanted nuclei which promote abortive cleavage do so through their inability to divide normally. This prevents them showing the range of cell types that they are gene ...
Interaction of Antiparallel Microtubules in the
... a MT-overlapping phenomenon was also found at the later stages of cytokinesis, when a complex tubular–vesicular network was already established in the middle of the phragmoplast (Figure 1C). MTs were found to pass over the phragmoplast midline (Figure 1C). In cells exhibiting a fenestrated early cel ...
... a MT-overlapping phenomenon was also found at the later stages of cytokinesis, when a complex tubular–vesicular network was already established in the middle of the phragmoplast (Figure 1C). MTs were found to pass over the phragmoplast midline (Figure 1C). In cells exhibiting a fenestrated early cel ...
The neutrophil in vascular inflammation
... Here we focus on how neutrophils have a key regulatory role in vascular inflammation. Recent studies using advanced imaging techniques have yielded new insights into the mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to defense against bacterial infections and also against sterile injury. In these setti ...
... Here we focus on how neutrophils have a key regulatory role in vascular inflammation. Recent studies using advanced imaging techniques have yielded new insights into the mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to defense against bacterial infections and also against sterile injury. In these setti ...
Vaucheria
... Ans. Vaucheria possesses all the essentials of a multicellular organism, but the cytoplasm and the numerous nuclei are not partitioned into distinct cells. The septa remain suppressed in the vegetative condition. They appear only during the formation of reproductive organs, or when the filament is i ...
... Ans. Vaucheria possesses all the essentials of a multicellular organism, but the cytoplasm and the numerous nuclei are not partitioned into distinct cells. The septa remain suppressed in the vegetative condition. They appear only during the formation of reproductive organs, or when the filament is i ...
Ixodes scapularis the Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector Tick
... American vector of Lyme disease, now the most prevalent vectorborne disease reported in the United States (11), as well as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and babesiosis (12–15). Because ticks deliver the molecules used to confound host defenses in their saliva, this secretion is an important feedin ...
... American vector of Lyme disease, now the most prevalent vectorborne disease reported in the United States (11), as well as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and babesiosis (12–15). Because ticks deliver the molecules used to confound host defenses in their saliva, this secretion is an important feedin ...
Physiological assembly and activity of human
... Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase conserved throughout almost all eukaryotic life. It plays a fundamental role in genome maintenance, adding back the telomeric DNA repeats lost from chromosome ends due to incomplete replication or damage. The protein and RNA subunits of telomerase fo ...
... Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase conserved throughout almost all eukaryotic life. It plays a fundamental role in genome maintenance, adding back the telomeric DNA repeats lost from chromosome ends due to incomplete replication or damage. The protein and RNA subunits of telomerase fo ...
This is an author produced version of a paper
... lipogenesis as well as insulin-induced inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes [2, 8]. On the other hand, little is known about the role for different PDE4 isoforms in adipocytes. In general, PDE4 consists of four subfamilies which are widely expressed and involved in the regulation various cellular f ...
... lipogenesis as well as insulin-induced inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes [2, 8]. On the other hand, little is known about the role for different PDE4 isoforms in adipocytes. In general, PDE4 consists of four subfamilies which are widely expressed and involved in the regulation various cellular f ...
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... mutational analysis of the mscL gene identified structural domains critical for function (39, 41, 277, 391, 477). Several models of MscL mechanosensitivity, based on structure-function relations, have been proposed (37, 168). The crystal structure of MscL from M. tuberculosis (Tb-MscL), at 3.5Å reso ...
... mutational analysis of the mscL gene identified structural domains critical for function (39, 41, 277, 391, 477). Several models of MscL mechanosensitivity, based on structure-function relations, have been proposed (37, 168). The crystal structure of MscL from M. tuberculosis (Tb-MscL), at 3.5Å reso ...
Positional Information and the Spatial Pattern of Cellular
... corresponds quite well with experimental observations on the early development of sea urchin embryos, and regeneration of hydroids as well as a large variety of other systems. For example, the proportions of the mesenchyme, endoderm and ectoderm of the sea urchin embryo remain constant over about an ...
... corresponds quite well with experimental observations on the early development of sea urchin embryos, and regeneration of hydroids as well as a large variety of other systems. For example, the proportions of the mesenchyme, endoderm and ectoderm of the sea urchin embryo remain constant over about an ...
The basic helix–loop–helix protein BETA2 interacts with p300 to
... Members of the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors activate expression of tissue-specific genes in several developmental systems including the myogenic cascade and B-cell differentiation. The bHLH transcription factor BETA2 plays an important role in the development and dif ...
... Members of the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors activate expression of tissue-specific genes in several developmental systems including the myogenic cascade and B-cell differentiation. The bHLH transcription factor BETA2 plays an important role in the development and dif ...
amoeba notes 14
... out and wrap around a food particle in a process call phagocytosis. The engulfed food then becomes a food vacuole. There are several food vacuoles on the drawing – color the food vacuoles brown. The food will eventually be digested by the cell’s lysosomes. Also visible in the amoeba is the nucleus, ...
... out and wrap around a food particle in a process call phagocytosis. The engulfed food then becomes a food vacuole. There are several food vacuoles on the drawing – color the food vacuoles brown. The food will eventually be digested by the cell’s lysosomes. Also visible in the amoeba is the nucleus, ...
Shape and position of the node and notochord along
... the embryo (schematic inset in Figs 4, 5). This is a 180 ˚ rotation along the left–right axis of the embryos. Fig. 1B,C shows 2 examples of such nodes. Interestingly, despite the apparent shape inversion, the anterior–posterior specification of the node and the cells within the node was preserved. F ...
... the embryo (schematic inset in Figs 4, 5). This is a 180 ˚ rotation along the left–right axis of the embryos. Fig. 1B,C shows 2 examples of such nodes. Interestingly, despite the apparent shape inversion, the anterior–posterior specification of the node and the cells within the node was preserved. F ...
Many ways to telomere dysfunction: in vivo studies using
... Telomerase-independent elongating activities at the mammalian telomere Human cell lines and tumors that lack telomerase activity, however, are able to maintain or elongate their telomeres by alternative mechanisms, which have been termed ALT (Bryan et al., 1995; 1997). In mammalian ALT cells, DNA se ...
... Telomerase-independent elongating activities at the mammalian telomere Human cell lines and tumors that lack telomerase activity, however, are able to maintain or elongate their telomeres by alternative mechanisms, which have been termed ALT (Bryan et al., 1995; 1997). In mammalian ALT cells, DNA se ...
Paramecium as a bioassay system for elucidation of cytotoxicity and
... eaten by other protozoa such as amoebas, didinia and other metazoan animals or their larvae (Porter et al, 1979; Taylor, 1980). Thus, CNF could move into food webs of aquatic ecosystems following ingestion by paramecia. The speed of a CNFcontaining food vacuole formation and the maximum number in a ...
... eaten by other protozoa such as amoebas, didinia and other metazoan animals or their larvae (Porter et al, 1979; Taylor, 1980). Thus, CNF could move into food webs of aquatic ecosystems following ingestion by paramecia. The speed of a CNFcontaining food vacuole formation and the maximum number in a ...
Drosophila embryos close epithelial wounds using a combination of
... cells at the edge of the injured area exhibit different levels of damage. Many cells at the edge of the wound showed high actin levels, particularly at cell junctions, and became the leading edge cells for the repair process (Fig. 1G; supplementary material Movie 1A). Other cells, however, showed ei ...
... cells at the edge of the injured area exhibit different levels of damage. Many cells at the edge of the wound showed high actin levels, particularly at cell junctions, and became the leading edge cells for the repair process (Fig. 1G; supplementary material Movie 1A). Other cells, however, showed ei ...
Pollen cytoskeleton during germination and tube growth
... Secretion is defined as the discharge of new material outside the cell through the activity of specific membranebound vesicles, which are usually generated by the Golgi bodies. During secretion, the membrane of secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and the content of vesicles is released ...
... Secretion is defined as the discharge of new material outside the cell through the activity of specific membranebound vesicles, which are usually generated by the Golgi bodies. During secretion, the membrane of secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and the content of vesicles is released ...
Nicotinamidase modulation of NAD biosynthesis and nicotinamide
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central molecule in cellular metabolism and an obligate co-substrate for NAD+consuming enzymes, which regulate key biological processes such as longevity and stress responses. Although NAD+ biosynthesis has been intensely studied, little analysis has bee ...
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central molecule in cellular metabolism and an obligate co-substrate for NAD+consuming enzymes, which regulate key biological processes such as longevity and stress responses. Although NAD+ biosynthesis has been intensely studied, little analysis has bee ...
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... doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2004.—Endothelial cells of the blood and lymphatic vasculature are polarized cells with luminal surfaces specialized to interact with inflammatory cells upon the appropriate stimulation; they contain specialized transcellular transport systems, and their basal surfaces are ...
... doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2004.—Endothelial cells of the blood and lymphatic vasculature are polarized cells with luminal surfaces specialized to interact with inflammatory cells upon the appropriate stimulation; they contain specialized transcellular transport systems, and their basal surfaces are ...