Translation is the process where mRNA codons are used to produce
... base-triplets (codons) that come after it, mRNA is read 3 bases at a time. – A single mRNA can have several ribosomes on it at one time – In prokaryotes a Shine-Delgano Sequence of –AGGA- must precede the AUG for initiation (not required in eukaryotes) • Prokaryotic Shine-Delgano sequence on mRNA ‘5 ...
... base-triplets (codons) that come after it, mRNA is read 3 bases at a time. – A single mRNA can have several ribosomes on it at one time – In prokaryotes a Shine-Delgano Sequence of –AGGA- must precede the AUG for initiation (not required in eukaryotes) • Prokaryotic Shine-Delgano sequence on mRNA ‘5 ...
Characterization of Tbc2, a nucleus
... other factors do not resemble any known protein in the database. These include the Chlamydomonas Ac115 protein which is implicated in the translation elongation of the psbD mRNA (Rattanachaikunsopon et al., 1999). The control of expression of the chloroplast genes encoding the major core photosystem ...
... other factors do not resemble any known protein in the database. These include the Chlamydomonas Ac115 protein which is implicated in the translation elongation of the psbD mRNA (Rattanachaikunsopon et al., 1999). The control of expression of the chloroplast genes encoding the major core photosystem ...
PHD domains and E3 ubiquitin ligases: viruses make the connection
... ligases that rely on PHD domains rather than on RING fingers The resulting ubiquitinated MHC class I chains not only undergo enhanced endocytosis but are also directed preferentially to lysosomes. In both yeast and mammalian cells, the latter trafficking steps are usually accomplished through the mu ...
... ligases that rely on PHD domains rather than on RING fingers The resulting ubiquitinated MHC class I chains not only undergo enhanced endocytosis but are also directed preferentially to lysosomes. In both yeast and mammalian cells, the latter trafficking steps are usually accomplished through the mu ...
Nucleolar localization of an isoform of the IGF
... and 1-G-4-5). The clear nuclear and nucleolar localization remained when the 2-G-4-5 construction was overexpressed (Fig. 5A). However, in the case of the 1-G-4-5 construction, the fluorescence was rapidly exported, and little nuclear or nucleolar localization was seen. We interpret this as an effec ...
... and 1-G-4-5). The clear nuclear and nucleolar localization remained when the 2-G-4-5 construction was overexpressed (Fig. 5A). However, in the case of the 1-G-4-5 construction, the fluorescence was rapidly exported, and little nuclear or nucleolar localization was seen. We interpret this as an effec ...
Biology 2121 Review – Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 3
... hypertonic; hypotonic; symport; antiport; exocytosis; endocytosis; phagocytosis; pinocytosis; organelle; cytosol; inclusions; endomembrane system; cilia; flagella; anucleate; chromatin; chromosome; interphase; mitosis; cell cycle; helicase; polymerase; chromatids; cytokinesis; cyclins; prophase; ana ...
... hypertonic; hypotonic; symport; antiport; exocytosis; endocytosis; phagocytosis; pinocytosis; organelle; cytosol; inclusions; endomembrane system; cilia; flagella; anucleate; chromatin; chromosome; interphase; mitosis; cell cycle; helicase; polymerase; chromatids; cytokinesis; cyclins; prophase; ana ...
Signaling from synapse to nucleus: the logic behind the mechanisms Karl Deisseroth
... (Figure 1 Legend) Signaling from the membrane to the nucleus: multiple strategies for information transfer. (a) The transcription factors NFATc4, CREB and DREAM are all activated following increases in intracellular Ca2þ, yet each relies upon a different mode of information transfer. At rest, NFATc4 ...
... (Figure 1 Legend) Signaling from the membrane to the nucleus: multiple strategies for information transfer. (a) The transcription factors NFATc4, CREB and DREAM are all activated following increases in intracellular Ca2þ, yet each relies upon a different mode of information transfer. At rest, NFATc4 ...
Chapter 6
... change energy from one form to another • Mitochondria and chloroplasts – Are not part of the endomembrane system – Reproduce independently from cell division – Have a double membrane – Have proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm ...
... change energy from one form to another • Mitochondria and chloroplasts – Are not part of the endomembrane system – Reproduce independently from cell division – Have a double membrane – Have proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm ...
Information, Noise and Communication: Thresholds as Controlling
... papers that have used this technology. The ultimate has been the imaging of the synthesis of individual protein and mRNA molecules. The most common detection of noise has been to compare copy numbers of both specific mRNA and specific proteins between single cells. Greater noise between individual c ...
... papers that have used this technology. The ultimate has been the imaging of the synthesis of individual protein and mRNA molecules. The most common detection of noise has been to compare copy numbers of both specific mRNA and specific proteins between single cells. Greater noise between individual c ...
Transmembrane domains control exclusion of membrane proteins
... this protein normally traffics through endocytic compartments (Jackman et al., 1998) and thus should not be sensitive to proteases found in endosomal compartments. Indeed, we have observed that both CD1b and its specific monoclonal antibody are extremely resistant to acidic pH and to proteases (data ...
... this protein normally traffics through endocytic compartments (Jackman et al., 1998) and thus should not be sensitive to proteases found in endosomal compartments. Indeed, we have observed that both CD1b and its specific monoclonal antibody are extremely resistant to acidic pH and to proteases (data ...
FEMS Microbiology Ecology 33
... (43 kDa) of A. lipoferum 1842 was unaffected by any starvation treatment for a period of up to 48 h, but later disappeared. These data showed that starvation is not a major factor in inducing changes in the cell surface which lead to the primary phase of attachment of Azospirillum to surfaces. ß 200 ...
... (43 kDa) of A. lipoferum 1842 was unaffected by any starvation treatment for a period of up to 48 h, but later disappeared. These data showed that starvation is not a major factor in inducing changes in the cell surface which lead to the primary phase of attachment of Azospirillum to surfaces. ß 200 ...
Title Non-coding functions of alternative pre-mRNA - DR-NTU
... Subsequent studies showed that such alternative splicing (AS) events are extensively controlled by cis-regulatory RNA sequences and trans-acting splicing factors [3, 10, 11]. Moreover, a number of AS topologies have been described including selection between alternative 5’ or 3’ splice sites, casset ...
... Subsequent studies showed that such alternative splicing (AS) events are extensively controlled by cis-regulatory RNA sequences and trans-acting splicing factors [3, 10, 11]. Moreover, a number of AS topologies have been described including selection between alternative 5’ or 3’ splice sites, casset ...
The Cell Membrane
... The nucleus contains DNA, the genetic instructions within chromosomes. The instructions tell how to synthesize the proteins that determine cell structure and function. Chromosomes also contain various proteins that control expression of the genetic information. ...
... The nucleus contains DNA, the genetic instructions within chromosomes. The instructions tell how to synthesize the proteins that determine cell structure and function. Chromosomes also contain various proteins that control expression of the genetic information. ...
gamete interaction in flowering plants
... the FG (female gametophyte) Plant gametes are, in contrast with animal gametes, not direct products of meiosis, but differentiate within multicellular haploid generations, the MG (male gametophyte) and the FG respectively. In angiosperms, the gametophytic generations are reduced to a few cells that ...
... the FG (female gametophyte) Plant gametes are, in contrast with animal gametes, not direct products of meiosis, but differentiate within multicellular haploid generations, the MG (male gametophyte) and the FG respectively. In angiosperms, the gametophytic generations are reduced to a few cells that ...
The Plasma Membrane
... hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer. • Others are peripheral, meaning they lie on either side of the membrane but are not bound to its hydrophobic interior. ...
... hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer. • Others are peripheral, meaning they lie on either side of the membrane but are not bound to its hydrophobic interior. ...
Studies on host-virus interaction for viral hemorrhagic septicemia
... RAE1-NUP98 complex preventing nuclear export of mRNA. Furthermore, as seen in related rhabdoviruses, we have cell rounding after ectopic expression of the M protein for greater than 48h. Annexin V staining suggests these morphological changes in the cells are due to the induction of apoptosis. Toget ...
... RAE1-NUP98 complex preventing nuclear export of mRNA. Furthermore, as seen in related rhabdoviruses, we have cell rounding after ectopic expression of the M protein for greater than 48h. Annexin V staining suggests these morphological changes in the cells are due to the induction of apoptosis. Toget ...
L8-Glossopharygeal and Vagus Nerves)
... elevate, and the uvula will remain in the midline as it is elevated. With paralysis there is no elevation or constriction of the affected side. warn the patient that you are going to test the gag reflex. Gently touch first one and then the other palatal arch with a tongue blade, waiting each time fo ...
... elevate, and the uvula will remain in the midline as it is elevated. With paralysis there is no elevation or constriction of the affected side. warn the patient that you are going to test the gag reflex. Gently touch first one and then the other palatal arch with a tongue blade, waiting each time fo ...
Keshara Senanayake Ms.Reep AP BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
... the nuclear side of the envelope is lined by the nuclear lamina a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope within the nucleus the DNA is organized into discrete units called chromosomes, structures that carry gen ...
... the nuclear side of the envelope is lined by the nuclear lamina a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope within the nucleus the DNA is organized into discrete units called chromosomes, structures that carry gen ...
Domain organization of human cleavage factor Im 1 Distinct
... interacts with SRp20, 9G8, and hTra2b, members of the SR family of splicing factors, via its C-terminal alternating charge domain. This domain is also required for targeting CF!Im68 to the nucleus. However, CF!Im68 does not concentrate in splicing speckles but in foci that partially colocalize with ...
... interacts with SRp20, 9G8, and hTra2b, members of the SR family of splicing factors, via its C-terminal alternating charge domain. This domain is also required for targeting CF!Im68 to the nucleus. However, CF!Im68 does not concentrate in splicing speckles but in foci that partially colocalize with ...
Vesicle traffic in the endomembrane system: a tale of COPs, Rabs
... Golgi-matrix proteins. Despite the high level of structural integrity of plant Golgi stacks, it is clear that there is a constant anterograde flux of secretory products through their cisternae that has to be counterbalanced by a similar retrograde flux of Golgiresident enzymes [22,23]. This recyclin ...
... Golgi-matrix proteins. Despite the high level of structural integrity of plant Golgi stacks, it is clear that there is a constant anterograde flux of secretory products through their cisternae that has to be counterbalanced by a similar retrograde flux of Golgiresident enzymes [22,23]. This recyclin ...
Somatosensory Systems: Proprioception - Dr. Jacobs
... this conveys information about the lower body. In the upper thoracic and cervical segments (T6 and above) they occupy the fasciculus cuneatus. The posterior intermediate sulcus separates the gracile and cuneate fasciculi in the upper thoracic and cervical spinal cord regions. A lesion eliminating on ...
... this conveys information about the lower body. In the upper thoracic and cervical segments (T6 and above) they occupy the fasciculus cuneatus. The posterior intermediate sulcus separates the gracile and cuneate fasciculi in the upper thoracic and cervical spinal cord regions. A lesion eliminating on ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.