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Advanced Biology
Advanced Biology

...  The endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive system of folded membranes that compartmentalizes the cell's interior.  The Golgi apparatus collects, packages, modifies, and distributes molecules throughout the cell. ...
Click on image to content
Click on image to content

... contributions to the field of microbial ecology, showing that bacteria were essential to food webs and for the overall health of the Earth's ecosystems. The discovery that some bacteria produced compounds lethal to other bacteria led to the development of antibiotics, which revolutionized the field ...
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... dealing with osmosis, water can either move into the cell or out of it.  The solute cannot move to equal out the concentration of solutions, so the water has to.  We describe the solutions that cells are in as either hypotonic, isotonic, or ...
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

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... 2. Why is cell size limited? What is the mathematical model that describes the size limitations of cells? List the size ranges of the following: cellular organelles, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells. 3. List and explain the structures that are common to all cells (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic) ...
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... prokaryotic cells. Some eukaryotic cells are even large enough to be seen without a microscope! Eukaryotic cells are complex. They have lots of different compartments inside of them called membrane-bound organelles. These are located in the cytoplasm. The most important organelle ...
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5. Mitochondria - *Powerhouse of the cells.

... – Outermost boundary in all Animal Cells. - Separates the cell’s internal environment from the external environment. - Allows for the passage of some substances based on size and concentration - Selectively Permeable due to pores being present ...
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Plant and Animal Cells

... Cell membrane • cell membrane- controls the flow of material into and out of the cell • Diffusion is when materials move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. • Osmosis is the movement of water across the cell membrane. ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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