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Translocation of DNA across Bacterial Membranes
Translocation of DNA across Bacterial Membranes

... have led to a broad conception of gene transfer among prokaryotes and even prokaryotes and eukaryotes, culminating in a term like "transkingdom sex." ...
Regulation of Tcell receptor signaling by the actin cytoskeleton and
Regulation of Tcell receptor signaling by the actin cytoskeleton and

... responses. Another confounding effect is introduced by the use of blebbistatin with the calcium-sensitive dye Fura-2 (56), which is frequently used to measure calcium influx into the cytoplasm following TCR triggering. Blebbistatinmediated cross-linking is induced by short-wavelength light (52, 57), ...
MARINE ICOSAHEDRAL MEMBRANE-CONTAINING - E
MARINE ICOSAHEDRAL MEMBRANE-CONTAINING - E

... identical vertices and a unique structure in one vertex. The capsid may include structures projecting out from the capsid such as spikes, fibres, or tails. A lipid envelope surrounding the nucleoprotein core is a frequent feature among animal viruses. A minority of the characterised bacteriophages h ...
12 Autophagy as a defence against intracellular pathogens
12 Autophagy as a defence against intracellular pathogens

... Microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy deliver proteins directly from the cytoplasm into the lumen of the lysosome. Macroautophagy generates new membranes in cells called autophagosomes which engulf portions of the cytosol within double-membraned vesicles that fuse with lysosomes. Macroauto ...
Physical and chemical interactions between aphids and plants
Physical and chemical interactions between aphids and plants

Subthreshold High-Frequency Electrical Field
Subthreshold High-Frequency Electrical Field

... Subthreshold electrical stimulation (SES) has been shown to induce an improvement of angiogenesis in ischemic and nonischemic skeletal muscles, mediated by increased VEGF expression. VEGF plays a key role in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Cardiomyocytes possess the ability to synthesiz ...
Regulation of myocardial contractility 1958–1983: An Odyssey
Regulation of myocardial contractility 1958–1983: An Odyssey

Electron Transport Chain (Respiratory Chain)
Electron Transport Chain (Respiratory Chain)

... Citrate cycle (CC) and the RCH are interconnected a) by CO2 (produced by CC, used by RCH) b) by NADH (produced by CC, used by RCH) c) an enzyme succinate dehydrogenase d) ATP (produced by RCH, used by CC) ...
Physical and chemical interactions between
Physical and chemical interactions between

... urged to ‘drink’ xylem sap regularly in order to alleviate the osmotic effects of ingested phloem sap, the concentration of which exceeds by far that in xylem vessels (Buchanan et al., 2000). As the mass flow of xylem sap is brought about by a difference in hydrostatic potential between roots and ai ...
A Putative Role for Natriuretic Peptides in Fish Osmoregulation
A Putative Role for Natriuretic Peptides in Fish Osmoregulation

... membrane proteins such as channels, pumps, and ion-exchange proteins, PKC has been proposed to play a role in extrusion of Ca2+ immediately after its mobilization into the cytosol; the Ca’+-transport ATPase is a possible target of this protein kinase. The Na+-H+ exchange protein has been reported to ...
Myosin XI-K Is Required for Rapid Trafficking of
Myosin XI-K Is Required for Rapid Trafficking of

... and this myosin actually might belong in group VIII(B). Thus, at least seven lineages of class XI and VIII myosins appear to have been represented already in the common ancestor of Magnoliophyta, implying their early functional specialization. Duplication of myosin genes during plant evolution seems ...
A Calcium-Regulated Gatekeeper in Phloem Sieve Tubes
A Calcium-Regulated Gatekeeper in Phloem Sieve Tubes

... tein can disperse and move very rapidly to plug sieve pores after injury. Evert concluded that the most likely function of P-protein is to seal the sieve plate pores of injured sieve elements as a rapid first line of defense against the loss of assimilates. It is possible to obtain electron microgra ...
Paraquat: An Oxidative Stress Inducer
Paraquat: An Oxidative Stress Inducer

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)

... intact fluorophores. This, however, is not the result of a lower intrinsic fluorescence characteristic of a BiFC complex. BiFC complexes have been shown to possess the same fluorescence property as the native fluorophore of EYFP [12]. The explanation for this is that only a small percentage of the p ...
The lipid droplet is an important organelle for hepatitis C virus
The lipid droplet is an important organelle for hepatitis C virus

... The lipid droplet (LD) is an organelle that is used for the storage of neutral lipids. It dynamically moves through the cytoplasm, interacting with other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)1–3. These interactions are thought to facilitate the transport of lipids and proteins to othe ...
Krp1, a novel kelch related protein that is involved in pseudopod
Krp1, a novel kelch related protein that is involved in pseudopod

... pseudopodia, the full-length rat krp1 ORF was cloned into the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1 MycHis, creating a translation fusion in which the 9 amino acid myc epitope was placed at the carboxyl terminus of Krp1 (Krp1-myc). The construct was then transfected into FBR cells and the distributio ...
FREE Sample Here
FREE Sample Here

... 55) According to the theory of evolution, which states that all life-forms on Earth arose from a common ancestor, all living organisms A) share a common organic chemistry. B) have DNA within their nucleus. C) exhibit the same basic cell wall. D) perform the same mode of reproduction. Answer: A Diff: ...
********* 1 - Botanik in Bonn
********* 1 - Botanik in Bonn

... => Cytoplasmic streaming must reach high velocity for proper mixing of metabolites. ...
alters cell wall construction
alters cell wall construction

... was increased to 40 ␮M, the tip-focused pattern of Ca2+ distribution dissipated completely (Fig. 2B and C). To investigate whether this decrease of the fluorescence density resulted from the decreased accumulation of Fluo-4/AM dye due to the vaculation in the tip of CdCl2 -treated hairs, we observed ...
FREE Sample Here - We can offer most test bank and
FREE Sample Here - We can offer most test bank and

... 55) According to the theory of evolution, which states that all life-forms on Earth arose from a common ancestor, all living organisms A) share a common organic chemistry. B) have DNA within their nucleus. C) exhibit the same basic cell wall. D) perform the same mode of reproduction. Answer: A Diff: ...
Cellular Disulfide Bond Formation in Bioactive Peptides and
Cellular Disulfide Bond Formation in Bioactive Peptides and

Peer-reviewed Article PDF
Peer-reviewed Article PDF

... and maintenance of the myofibrils in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. Evidence from our research as well as from other laboratories favors the premyofibril model of myofibrillogenesis. This three-step model (premyofibril to nascent myofibril to mature myofibril) not only provides a reasonable mech ...
Interplay between SCARECROW, GA and LIKE
Interplay between SCARECROW, GA and LIKE

... Regulated cell division is critical for the development of multi-cellular organisms. In the Arabidopsis root, SCARECROW (SCR) is required for the first cell division, but represses the subsequent, longitudinal asymmetric cell divisions that generate the two cell types of the ground tissue – cortex a ...
Photomorphogenesis, B-Box Transcription Factors
Photomorphogenesis, B-Box Transcription Factors

... domain; Khanna et al., 2009) have opposite functions (Crocco et al., 2010). Specifically, BBX21 and BBX22 act as negative regulators, whereas BBX24 and BBX25 promote hypocotyl elongation in shade (Crocco et al., 2010). In contrast with their role during de-etiolation, Gangappa et al. found that BBX2 ...
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ROLE OF PSEUDOMONAS
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ROLE OF PSEUDOMONAS

... addition to spending many hours at the microscope with me, Tony has always been generous with his encouragement and support. Thank you to Ashutosh Tripathy of the UNC Macromolecular Interactions Facility, Brenda Temple of the UNC Center for Structural Biology, Lee Graves and John Sondek. Thank you ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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