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bacteria and viruses
bacteria and viruses

... – Because viruses are dependent upon living organisms, it seems more likely that viruses developed after living cells – The first viruses may have evolved from the genetic material of living cells • Viruses have continued to evolve, along with the cells they infect, for billions of years. ...
ReHydrate
ReHydrate

... ATP (Hormone Sarcode) 4X, 6X, 12X, 30X - Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is given for PMS, absent menstruation induced by shock or grief; irregular (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide and is most important in cell biology periods; and a general feeling of being unwell both before and after as a coenzyme ...
Smooth Muscle
Smooth Muscle

... universal cell property of contractility. As in all cells, actinmicrofilaments and associated proteins generate the forces necessary for the muscle contraction. Essentially all muscle cells are of mesodermal origin and differentiate by a gradual process of cell lengthening with abundant synthesis of ...
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The respiratory system

... equilibrium. The tendency of the lungs to collapse are balanced by the tendency of the thoracic wall to expand. ...
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... ...
RNAi Screening Identifies the Armadillo Repeat
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... tagging of the endogenous gene are easy to perform; this approach quickly provides insight into gene functions. As an additional tool for functional studies, we recently developed a conditional RNA interference (RNAi) system, in which a knockdown of a single or multiple homologous genes can be induc ...
PhD position in Plant-Microbe Interaction Biology / Fungal effector
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... characterise fungal ko mutants that were already generated in regard to their virulence. characterise the properties and subcellular behavior of these effector candidate proteins. identify and characterize the plant targets of these effector candidate proteins. The project will involve pathogen infe ...
hexose mono phosphate shunt
hexose mono phosphate shunt

... • NO is synthesized by eNOS in endothelial cells, and diffuses to vascular smooth muscle, where it activates the cytosolic form of guanylate cyclase (also known as guanylyl cyclase). [Note: This reaction is analogous to the formation of cAMP by adenylate cyclase (see p. 94), except that this guanyl ...
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... The gauze acts much like collagen fibers – provide a rough surface that helps activate platelets. Pressure manually constricts blood vessels and also increases the release of thromboplastin, which helps initiate coagulation. ...
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... The gauze acts much like collagen fibers – provide a rough surface that helps activate platelets. Pressure manually constricts blood vessels and also increases the release of thromboplastin, which helps initiate coagulation. ...
The Fundamental Unit of Life
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... Answer: Functional segments of DNA are called genes. 38. What is the function of chromatin material? Answer: The function of chromatin material is whenever the cell is about to divide, the chromatin material gets organised into chromosomes. 39. What are the main roles of nucleus? Answer: The nucleu ...
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... thrombogenic subendothelial substance (collagen)  injury - loss of anticoagulative mechanism  thrombi appear often on ulcerated plaques in atherosclerotic arteris (mostly the aorta), at sites of inflammatory or traumatic injury to arteries (the walls have been infiltrated by cancer)  thrombi appe ...
HEXOSE MONO PHOSPHATE SHUNT
HEXOSE MONO PHOSPHATE SHUNT

... • NO is synthesized by eNOS in endothelial cells, and diffuses to vascular smooth muscle, where it activates the cytosolic form of guanylate cyclase (also known as guanylyl cyclase). [Note: This reaction is analogous to the formation of cAMP by adenylate cyclase (see p. 94), except that this guanyl ...
Cooke Zeeman 1976 Wavefront model for morphogenesis
Cooke Zeeman 1976 Wavefront model for morphogenesis

... a deeper property of somites than their precise relation to other body parts. There is striking evidence from haploid amphibian embryos (Hamilton, 1969), that the "wavelength" of the somitogenic process, which ultimately determines semite number in the body, is controlled as a spatial extent of cell ...
Cell Surface Membrane Remodelling and Mitochondrial
Cell Surface Membrane Remodelling and Mitochondrial

... induce differentiation or can be are differentiated in tissue culture flasks for up to 10 days prior to plating. Hippocampal slice cultures are cultured on porous membrane inserts (0.4µm, Millicell-CM), for at least 7 days, and preferably longer, during which time they gradually ‘thin out’, optimizi ...
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... this process (reviewed in [1]). In this context, the strategy to develop anti-HIV-1 drugs based on co-receptor antagonists to efficiently mask this functionally important site of gp120 is highly challenging [1]. In this study, novel anti-HIV-1 agents targeting the V3 loop of envelope protein gp120 w ...
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... Adjoining and remote targets Heart ...
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... Existing deployment for businesses over 3km and 2 Mbit/s Incremental deployment has high cost and long ‘lead’ times Churn leads to stranded assets Duct network insufficient for ubiquitous coverage • While copper stays in place ...
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... o Pulmonary artery carries O2 poor blood from heart to lung, pulmonary vein carries O2 rich from lungs to heart ...
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Life Processes

... The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which releases it in small amounts into the small intestine. From the stomach, the food now enters the small intestine. This is the longest part of the alimentary canal which is fitted into a compact space because of extensive coil ...
Circulatory System
Circulatory System

... wastes can easily diffuse across the cell membrane by diffusion.  Multicellular organisms need a circulatory system to transport substances made in one part of the body to sites where they are needed in another part of the body. ...
Effects of anti-NKG2A antibody administration on
Effects of anti-NKG2A antibody administration on

... Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in host defence against infections and tumours by secreting cytokines and killing infected or transformed cells. Activation of NK-cell effector functions is regulated by activating and inhibitory receptors that recognize ligands on potential target cell ...
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... mechanisms for making a drug form that is slowly released into the body. Most involve interfering with the ability of the drug to be absorbed. Mixing your drug molecules with other "inert" (non-active ingredients) that interfere with it getting processed or slowing entry into the blood stream will c ...
DOT1A-dependent H3K76 methylation is required for replication
DOT1A-dependent H3K76 methylation is required for replication

... We reported previously that H3K76me2 is mainly restricted to mitosis and cytokinesis (2). To obtain a complete picture of the H3K76 methylation pattern during the cell cycle, we generated an antibody specific for H3K76 mono-methylation. The specificity of the anti-H3K76me1 antibody was confirmed by pep ...
Bacteria Notes
Bacteria Notes

... one cell divides into two cells of the same size 3. Endospore - a thick-walled spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions 4. Bioremediation - a biological treatment of hazardous waste by living organisms 5. Antibiotic - medicine used to kill bacterial and other harmful mic ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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