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... the test of time, whilst others have been debunked as false. However, either way, the fact that they were using their brains to figure things out is admirable. ...
The Objectivity of the Past
The Objectivity of the Past

... At first blush, the likelihood of finding a more substantive notion of representation in Davidson’s work does not appear promising. Davidson seems, at times, to have taken a rather dim view of the prospect of a representational relation between language, on the one hand, and the world or reality on ...
Accounts of the Afterlife
Accounts of the Afterlife

... unjust things they had done and for all the people they had wronged, they had paid the penalty for every one in turn, ten times over for each…each injustice once every hundred years” (Plato, Republic 615a6-b2). He also indicated: “greater wages for impiety or piety toward the gods or parents, and f ...
Deontological ethics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Deontological ethics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

... The most pressing difficulty for deontologist philosophers is justifying constraints. Robert Nozick famously points out what has become known as the paradox of deontology. If we are truly concerned about rights (such as the right not to be harmed in certain ways expressed by Kamm's Principle of Perm ...
The Principles of History RGCollingwood and
The Principles of History RGCollingwood and

... biological creatures, and to that Collingwood adds politics, ethics, science. Mind is about thought, autonomous thought, that can be discovered and rediscovered, and thus shared between individuals, as opposed to the purely private and subjective thoughts, which do not make sense beyond the psyche o ...
BL5-13 - Additional Information
BL5-13 - Additional Information

... Of Hartley's hypothetical vibrations in his hypothetical oscillating ether of the nerves, which is the first and most obvious distinction between his system and that of Aristotle, I shall say little. This, with all other similar attempts to render that an object of the sight which has no relation t ...
Words to Life The semiotic quest of Bogdan Bogdanov (1940
Words to Life The semiotic quest of Bogdan Bogdanov (1940

... alien to us, something that we cannot understand and live in, but as something that is our home. In linguistic philosophy they are usually called universals or paradigms [10]. Every time we speak, we are mixing the real thing with its verbal duplicate, the world with our internal model for it, and f ...
Norms, Selves, and Concepts
Norms, Selves, and Concepts

... phenomenon I am claiming provided Descartes with his semantic paradigm—is the global isomorphism between the two systems. One can, if one likes, still think of a formula and the figure it represents as sharing something or being alike in some way. But what they share must be thought about in terms o ...
1.Kant`s Account of the Unity
1.Kant`s Account of the Unity

... are stating something about the world that are not mere analytical truths, they contribute to our knowledge, yet they are universal, necessary and not dependent on our experience, because, as Hume already pointed out, and Kant repeats it numerous times in the Critique, these judgments cannot be deri ...
Russell, Bertrand - The Problems of Philosophy
Russell, Bertrand - The Problems of Philosophy

... colour which common sense says they 'really' have, and to learn the habit of seeing things as they appear. Here we have already the beginning of one of the distinctions that cause most trouble in philosophy -- the distinction between 'appearance' and 'reality', between what things seem to be and wh ...
1 "Plato on Akrasia and Knowing Your Own Mind" Section 1
1 "Plato on Akrasia and Knowing Your Own Mind" Section 1

... doing, or omitting the thing propounded, come successively into our thoughts, so that sometimes we have an appetite to it, sometimes an aversion from it, sometimes hope to be able to do it, sometimes despair or fear to attempt it, the whole sum of desires, aversions, hopes and fears, continued till ...
Leibniz Discourse 8
Leibniz Discourse 8

... In Discourse 9, Leibniz says there are only two ways things get created or annihiliated, and that is through either: A) God’s creation or annihilation of the individual monads. B) Coming together of existing monads to create a larger compound or the dissolution of the compound by the scattering of m ...
the stoic philosopher - College of Stoic Philosophers
the stoic philosopher - College of Stoic Philosophers

... of self preservation. This impulse leads them to search and select everything that is convenient for their physical constitution: food, drink, clothes, heath, shelter, et cetera. This is the Natural order for all living things. However, in the case of men, because we are rational animals, our instin ...
Beyond the axioms: The question of objectivity in mathematics
Beyond the axioms: The question of objectivity in mathematics

... is in no way subjective. But surely what is known is subject to change: either collectively or individually, we continue to learn new mathematics. Moreover, the admission of new axioms leads to the possibility of new knowledge which was not possible on the basis of previously admitted axioms. As for ...
18th-20th century views
18th-20th century views

... early commentary on Swedenborg, the Dreams of a ...
Grendel BY John gardner
Grendel BY John gardner

... He says, “I alone exist…I create the whole universe, blink by blink.” After arriving back in his cave, Grendel says, “The world is all pointless accident…I exist, nothing else.” ...
ARISTOTLE`S THEORY OF TRUTH
ARISTOTLE`S THEORY OF TRUTH

... one and the same is able to receive contraries’ (Categories 4a 10). But are not statements and beliefs like this in that numerically one and the same statement or belief is true or false? If the statement ‘Professor Carnap is flying to the moon’ is true, after he has reached the moon this statem ent ...
Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, Introduction
Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, Introduction

... Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, Introduction: Reason in History (1820’s) Excerpt on the end of history, pp. 145-149 A nation is only world-historical in so far as its fundamental element and basic aim have embodied a universal principle; only then is its spirit capable of produci ...
reflective metaphysics: understanding quantum
reflective metaphysics: understanding quantum

... by way of reason. After all, he noticed, the mere use of the rules of general logic, the purely formal workings of concepts and principles, is unable to provide us with the slightest indication about objects, since they only point towards the operations of our thought (Kant, 2004a, Introduction). Th ...
reflective metaphysics: understanding quantum
reflective metaphysics: understanding quantum

... by way of reason. After all, he noticed, the mere use of the rules of general logic, the purely formal workings of concepts and principles, is unable to provide us with the slightest indication about objects, since they only point towards the operations of our thought (Kant, 2004a, Introduction). Th ...
Existence is a real
Existence is a real

... bearer of a name. If x is a bearer of a name y at time t, then x must exist at t, but x can be a referent of a name y at time t without existing at t. Supposing that Socrates existed but no longer exists, then ‘Socrates’ currently has no bearer, and yet may currently be used to refer to Socrates. Mi ...
Cognitum hypothesis and cognitum consciousness
Cognitum hypothesis and cognitum consciousness

... in universe. We are going to say that cognitum is a consciousness of the universe. Besides, we use the new term cognitum in order to endow it with other meanings too. The main statement of our attitude would be that we identify consciousness of universe with universe itself. Thus, in our approach ma ...
The Search for Justice in the Republic
The Search for Justice in the Republic

... their uses of the analogy that is helpful to Plato here. The difference between the actions of generalship and of medicine lies in their different ends – the end of generalship is victory, the end of medicine is health. Thus medicine is desired for its consequences; namely health. As such, health mu ...
The heritage of german idealism in Kierkeggard`s Either/Or
The heritage of german idealism in Kierkeggard`s Either/Or

... sine qua non for practical imperatives. This argument, however, arguably is either (i) begging the question (that what ought to be done actually can be done) or (ii) a terribly formal argument (and here, we cannot get into details). Fichte, on his side, apparently senses this difficulty when he proc ...
2 / Communication before deconstruction
2 / Communication before deconstruction

... The meaning of Being available as an always already vague, avergae understanding of Being. Preunderstood as ”that which determines beings as being. From this the ontological clarification of Being must proceed. No guarantee that one is able to enter the hermeneutical circle of this preunderstaning o ...
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Problem of universals

In metaphysics, the problem of universals refers to the question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are. Properties are qualities or relations that two or more entities have in common. The various kinds of properties, such as qualities and relations are referred to as universals. For instance, one can imagine three cup holders on a table that have in common the quality of being circular or exemplifying circularity, or two daughters that have in common being the daughter of Frank. There are many such properties, such as being human, red, male or female, liquid, big or small, taller than, father of, etc.While philosophers agree that human beings talk and think about properties, they disagree on whether these universals exist in reality or merely in thought and speech.
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