Using an Atomic Non-Linear Generated Laser
... Rubidium vapor is known to be a non-linear media in terms of its index of refraction with respect to light intensity. With this knowledge, we divert part of the power of a semiconductor diode laser, which is modulated by a function generator, through a lens and then a heated rubidium cell. The lens ...
... Rubidium vapor is known to be a non-linear media in terms of its index of refraction with respect to light intensity. With this knowledge, we divert part of the power of a semiconductor diode laser, which is modulated by a function generator, through a lens and then a heated rubidium cell. The lens ...
WIO-12 - Legrand
... The following instructions are general guidelines for proper installation of the device. Any question should be directed to Wattstopper prior to installation. It is the responsibility of the installer to ensure local, state, and federal codes are followed. 1. Disconnect all power prior to installat ...
... The following instructions are general guidelines for proper installation of the device. Any question should be directed to Wattstopper prior to installation. It is the responsibility of the installer to ensure local, state, and federal codes are followed. 1. Disconnect all power prior to installat ...
Analysis and Design of DC
... voltage if Lstray is low enough. Extra precaution is taken to ensure a high enough noise immunity by keeping ripple as low as possible. To this end, MOSFET transistors with a relatively high gate threshold voltage were chosen, providing a large margin between the threshold voltage and the gate drive ...
... voltage if Lstray is low enough. Extra precaution is taken to ensure a high enough noise immunity by keeping ripple as low as possible. To this end, MOSFET transistors with a relatively high gate threshold voltage were chosen, providing a large margin between the threshold voltage and the gate drive ...
Modular Power vs. Economies of Scale: Does the TCO live up to the
... Last year, my co-presenter gave an excellent talk on modular data centers: actual project data for schedules and costs, plus examples of real-world pitfalls. What made Bill’s analysis manageable was the common denominator of all the modular data centers: the generic x86 server. Each modular data cen ...
... Last year, my co-presenter gave an excellent talk on modular data centers: actual project data for schedules and costs, plus examples of real-world pitfalls. What made Bill’s analysis manageable was the common denominator of all the modular data centers: the generic x86 server. Each modular data cen ...
IXYS publish a new MOSFET brochure (Mar 2014) - H
... The drain current of a depletion-mode Power MOSFET flows when its gate terminal is at zero volt, and hence the name ‘normally-on.’ A negative bias voltage is required to turn the device off, reducing the current to micro amperes. These devices, therefore, need only simple biasing schemes. And with a h ...
... The drain current of a depletion-mode Power MOSFET flows when its gate terminal is at zero volt, and hence the name ‘normally-on.’ A negative bias voltage is required to turn the device off, reducing the current to micro amperes. These devices, therefore, need only simple biasing schemes. And with a h ...
EUP3651 4-Channel, 1X/1.5X Charge Pump White LED Driver
... with lower VF is recommended in order to improve the efficiency by keeping the driver in 1X mode longer as the battery voltage decreases. For example, if a white LED with a VF of 3.3V is selected over one with VF of 3.5V, the EUP3651 will stay in 1X mode for lower supply voltage of 0.2V. This helps ...
... with lower VF is recommended in order to improve the efficiency by keeping the driver in 1X mode longer as the battery voltage decreases. For example, if a white LED with a VF of 3.3V is selected over one with VF of 3.5V, the EUP3651 will stay in 1X mode for lower supply voltage of 0.2V. This helps ...
A 78 pW 1 b/s 2.4 GHz Radio Transmitter for Near-Zero
... a full-swing charge pump voltage (VP U M P , which is roughly double VDD ) in order to decrease the standby leakage power of the power oscillator by upwards of 300X over nominalVt devices operating at VDD for equivalent on-conduction. OOK modulation is achieved by dynamically switching the tail sour ...
... a full-swing charge pump voltage (VP U M P , which is roughly double VDD ) in order to decrease the standby leakage power of the power oscillator by upwards of 300X over nominalVt devices operating at VDD for equivalent on-conduction. OOK modulation is achieved by dynamically switching the tail sour ...
EC low-pressure axial fans - ebm
... the most of their strengths wherever the focus is on high air flow at very low pressure, as in air-cooled heat exchangers, dry coolers, cooling towers and condensers. Typical areas where air coolers are used are mixed use or urban areas, for example to cool data centers in banks. These are areas whe ...
... the most of their strengths wherever the focus is on high air flow at very low pressure, as in air-cooled heat exchangers, dry coolers, cooling towers and condensers. Typical areas where air coolers are used are mixed use or urban areas, for example to cool data centers in banks. These are areas whe ...
Noise Sources English
... frequency range for building acoustic measurements and a low pass filter that removes all frequencies above 12kHz. This feature protects the speakers from distortion and concentrates power into the frequency bands where it is needed. The output of the amplifier is short circuit protected and an auto ...
... frequency range for building acoustic measurements and a low pass filter that removes all frequencies above 12kHz. This feature protects the speakers from distortion and concentrates power into the frequency bands where it is needed. The output of the amplifier is short circuit protected and an auto ...
Structure and Control Strategy for a Parallel Hybrid Fuel Cell
... iFC are shown. The compensation action is very effective according to the dynamic fluctuations of the load. Besides, a supercapacitor energy transfer to the DC link is made in order to compensate the energy deficiency, which is not supplied by the fuel cell. As FC current iFC does not support any su ...
... iFC are shown. The compensation action is very effective according to the dynamic fluctuations of the load. Besides, a supercapacitor energy transfer to the DC link is made in order to compensate the energy deficiency, which is not supplied by the fuel cell. As FC current iFC does not support any su ...
Cook chapter6 - Berkeley Robotics
... reaches the limit, and most popular schemes require far greater Eb/N0 than -1.6 dB. For a given modulation scheme (i.e. binary-PSK, OOK, etc.), the spectral efficiency R/B and minimum Eb/N0 required for demodulation, call it (Eb/N0)min, are fixed values, independent of transmission rate. The R/B and ...
... reaches the limit, and most popular schemes require far greater Eb/N0 than -1.6 dB. For a given modulation scheme (i.e. binary-PSK, OOK, etc.), the spectral efficiency R/B and minimum Eb/N0 required for demodulation, call it (Eb/N0)min, are fixed values, independent of transmission rate. The R/B and ...
Pulse-width modulation
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.