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Pre-Lab
Pre-Lab

... Conventional separately exited DC electric machines have stator and rotor windings excited by direct currents. The rotor has a commutator, and the dc voltage to the armature winding is supplied through the brushes, which establish electric contact with the commutator. The brushes are fixed with resp ...
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... Note that the inputs and outputs circled in red tie RJ-45 pins 7&8 together and may not be connected directly to a powered StudioHub+ device. ...
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ) Vol. 5 (2014) No.12, pp. 1649-1654
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... and economic measures can be identified as following [5] 1) Lightning and Surge Arrester: Arrester is designed for lightning protection of transformers, but is not limited to sufficient voltage limiting for protecting sensitive electronic control circuits from voltage surges. 2) Thyristor Based Stat ...
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... showing the validity of the entire research. Therefore, the idea of reducing the torque ripple, which is supposed to be one of the disadvantages of the classical DTC, by means of a fuzzy logic modulation, has been experimentally corroborated. The experimental results are divided into two groups. The ...
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... function of channel number using three channels near the peak (i.e. estimate the peak channel of a symmetric triangle). In either method the channel number or wavelength of a peak should be accompanied by an error bar. You may assume that these uncertainties dominate the measurements. Use these to d ...
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...  The source resistance Rs of the function generator should be around 50 . Do you think that Rs has a significant effect on the operation of the circuit? That is, can you safely make the approximation that vs  vb? Explain why or why not.  Sketch or print the input and output waveforms on the same ...
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... ACS55 micro drives are designed for use in a wide variety of simple machinery applications where only 115 V single phase power is available. Feed-thru wiring with power leads entering at the top and motor cables exiting at the bottom allows for easy replacement of contactors and motor starters. Thes ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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