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AP4312 Description Pin Assignments
AP4312 Description Pin Assignments

... The AP4312 contains one 1.21V voltage reference, one low voltage reference used in current sensing circuit and two operational amplifiers. The 1.21V voltage reference, combined with one operational amplifier, makes of an ideal voltage controller for use in adapters and battery chargers. The low volt ...
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... NOTE: Device will meet the specifications after thermal equilibrium has been established when mounted in a test socket or printed circuit board with maintained transverse airflow greater than 500 lfpm. Electrical parameters are guaranteed only over the declared operating temperature range. Functiona ...
Institutionen för systemteknik Department of Electrical Engineering USB 2.0 Audio device Examensarbete
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... In this project we have brought an idea to reality in the form of a finished product. This with verification help from engineers on Syncore technologies. Under the development process the functionality surrounding component databases, provided by Altium designer, were to be evaluated. To be mentione ...
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Model 701924 PBDH1000 Differential Probe User’s Manual
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... designated on the drawing schedules to be variable speed. All standard and optional features shall be included within the VFD enclosure, unless otherwise specified. VFD shall be housed in a NEMA 1 enclosure, or other NEMA type according to the installation and operating conditions at the job site. B ...
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... low resolution, the power consumption is bounded by digital switching power; 2) at medium-to-high resolution, the power consumption is bounded by thermal noise if digital assisted techniques are used to alleviate mismatch issues; otherwise it is bounded by capacitor mismatch. Conversion of the low f ...
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Chapter 320 - Electric Power Distribution Systems
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... protection are provided where required by the user equipment (see paragraph 320-1.2.1.3). Only one ground connection point is allowed for each grounded power system. Ungrounded electrical systems have no intentional connections between the electrical conductors and the ground (ship’s hull). These sy ...
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Elektroniczne Układy i Systemy Zasilania

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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