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How to Select a motor? (Part 1) - Types of motors
How to Select a motor? (Part 1) - Types of motors

... These motors are called Stepper Motor or Step Motor. Behavior of Step Motor recalls the behavior of AC motors. Step motor is built of magnetizes rotor and a stator with number of poles with coils wound around each pole. The step motor motion is characterized by steps, hence not continues motion. Eac ...
Insulation monitor - GMWISO 1.05
Insulation monitor - GMWISO 1.05

... − In each electrically connected distribution system only one insulation monitor may be connected (i. e. in the case of an insulation monitoring with GMWISO insulation monitor at the generator, socalled "Solid-rubber distributors" or similar with insulation monitor are not admissible!) because insul ...
By BARRY SCHWEID, AP Diplomatic Writer
By BARRY SCHWEID, AP Diplomatic Writer

... The Market Direction section highlights key products and marketing opportunities. Intended to be a practical tool to help you design-in Vishay components, this section provides information about technical specifications, product benefits, lead-times, applications, and target markets. Where possible, ...
zener diode - WordPress.com
zener diode - WordPress.com

... Forward bias the diode and electrons move thru the junction, recombination occurs (as ordinary). Recombinations result in photon release, causing a chain reaction of releases and avalanching photons which form an intense laser beam. ...
MAX5380/MAX5381/MAX5382 Low-Cost, Low-Power, 8-Bit DACs with 2-Wire Serial Interface in SOT23 General Description
MAX5380/MAX5381/MAX5382 Low-Cost, Low-Power, 8-Bit DACs with 2-Wire Serial Interface in SOT23 General Description

... Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (VDD = +3.0V (MAX5380), VDD = +5.0V (MAX5381/MAX5382); RL = 10kΩ, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) ...
BDTIC C o o l M O S C F D A
BDTIC C o o l M O S C F D A

... With the increasing demand for higher power density, especially soft switching topologies like half-bridge (e.g. HID half-bridge or LLC) and full-bridge concepts (e.g. ZVS bridge) seem to be the ideal solution. These topologies reduce the switching losses and increase the reliability of the system d ...
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... This input offset does incur a duty cycle error that may be important, particularly for those applications that use both clock edges. 2) The Q and nQ transmission lines can be fully independent. This means that if the LVPECL outputs are not to be used as a differential pair, then the Q and nQ output ...
30 x resistor: 390 ohm - [The Perth Artifactory Wiki [ Shared ]]
30 x resistor: 390 ohm - [The Perth Artifactory Wiki [ Shared ]]

A New Algorithm for Digital Low-impedance Protection of Busbars
A New Algorithm for Digital Low-impedance Protection of Busbars

... have gained more trust due to advances in technology (fast processors, fiber optic communications) and sophisticated algorithms making them immune to CT saturation. This paper presents a new algorithm for microprocessorbased low-impedance differential relay (Section III) that combines the differenti ...
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... voltage. Both fixed and variable output voltage devices are available. The output voltage of the variable output voltage device can be varied from 1.5 to 7.0V using external resistors. Various fixed output voltage devices that do not use external resistors are also available. It can be used for a wi ...
Grid Connected Power Supplies for Particle - VBN
Grid Connected Power Supplies for Particle - VBN

... In Figure 3 an overview of the Synchrotron Soleil light source is shown. The charged particles, in this case electrons, are moving around the ring at near the speed of light. This means that all the magnetic fields from the magnets must be very accurately set and from this point also be very stable. ...
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... monitor the temperature during evaluation and provide cooling, as needed, for your system environment. ...
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... Although the ENERIUM is protected from electrical and electromagnetically induced interference, keep away from the immediate vicinity of equipment generating significant electrical noise (high-power switches, busbars, etc.) The quality of data communication on the data bus depends heavily on taking ...
Aalborg Universitet Grid Connected Power Supplies for Particle Accelerator Magnets
Aalborg Universitet Grid Connected Power Supplies for Particle Accelerator Magnets

... In Figure 3 an overview of the Synchrotron Soleil light source is shown. The charged particles, in this case electrons, are moving around the ring at near the speed of light. This means that all the magnetic fields from the magnets must be very accurately set and from this point also be very stable. ...
lecture1424353251
lecture1424353251

... This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the committee members for their respective teaching assignments. Various sources as mentioned at the end of the document as well as freel ...
CHAPTER 2 Switched Mode Power Supplies - TFE
CHAPTER 2 Switched Mode Power Supplies - TFE

digital 300 series - Teledyne Hastings Instruments
digital 300 series - Teledyne Hastings Instruments

... The Digital 300 Series is an all-digital line of instruments that is based on the 300 series flow meters and controllers. This digital version uses the same base, flow shunting arrangement, and patented sensor as the analog 300 series. The sensor is operated in the “constant temperature above ambien ...
Appendix
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... transfer theorems, Star-delta transformation, Circuit theory Concepts: Mesh and Nodal analysis. 3. Three Phase Supply Star/delta connections, line and phase voltage/current relations, Three-phase power and its measurement. 4. Basic Instruments Instruments for measurement of voltage, Current, power a ...
Phase-shifting Transformer Modeling in PSS®E
Phase-shifting Transformer Modeling in PSS®E

... adjusting the phase angle of the voltages at the phase-shifting transformer terminals. Phase-shifting transformers are also known as phase angle regulating (PAR) transformers. Phase-shifting transformers built for transmission grids are generally a three-phase, two-terminal pair design. The terminal ...
UM0486
UM0486

... In adjustable speed applications, AC induction motors are powered by inverters. The inverter converts DC power to AC power at the required frequency and amplitude. The inverter consists of three half-bridge units where the upper and lower switches are controlled complementarily. As the power device' ...
Magnetic Position Sensing in Brushless DC Electric Motors
Magnetic Position Sensing in Brushless DC Electric Motors

... operating cost savings can be realized in several areas: • Honeywell Hall-effect sensor ICs are relatively low-cost devices • The low operate and release Gauss levels (at 25 °C ±40 °C) allow the manufacturer to install lower-cost commutation magnetics • These solid-state sensor ICs have no moving ...
I2C Communications with Honeywell Digital Output Force Sensors
I2C Communications with Honeywell Digital Output Force Sensors

... operating cost savings can be realized in several areas: • Honeywell Hall-effect sensor ICs are relatively low-cost devices • The low operate and release Gauss levels (at 25 °C ±40 °C) allow the manufacturer to install lower-cost commutation magnetics • These solid-state sensor ICs have no moving ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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