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Click Here to Downlaod
Click Here to Downlaod

... purely reactive. The power triangle for a purely capacitive circuit would again be a vertical line (pointing down instead of up as it was for the purely inductive circuit). Power factor can be an important aspect to consider in an AC circuit; because any power factor less than 1 means that the circ ...
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... to stop its operation if the load draws a higher current then the predetermined maximum value. A problem associated with this type of protection circuit is that it can trigger erroneously on load transients. As a security measure, Fairchild Power Switch triggers the protection circuit after a specif ...
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... All Illuminous dimmable drivers will dim from 100% to 5%. Each LED has a Vf (Forward Voltage), typically is 3V, and when the driver dims below this voltage, it will simply stop working. So dimming performance is a factor of the LED, not the driver. Dimming performance is optimal at greater than 50% ...
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... 2.4GHz to 2.5GHz Linear Power Amplifier The RFOUT port is an open-collector output that must be pulled to VCC through a 10nH RF choke for proper biasing. A shunt 33pF capacitor to ground is required at the supply side of the inductor. In addition, a matching network is required for optimum gain, ef ...
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

... frequency. Power quality may also be defined as the degree to which both the utilization and delivery of electric power affects the performance of electrical equipment. From a customer perspective, a power quality problem is defined as any power problem manifested in voltage, current or frequency de ...
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Power Protection and Conditioning - Sola/Hevi-Duty

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277 Volt Input to 12 Volt Single Feed Output 300

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Appendix A: Experimental Apparatus

... The experimental apparatus consists of three items, the coupled induction machine – DC motor pair, the control unit and the Labview application software running on a standard PC. A simplified functional diagram of the apparatus is given in figure 1. This appendix explains the design and operation of ...
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... across the primary side of the transformer divided by the total voltage across the secondary side of the transformer is equal to the turns ratio of the transformer. 4. Measure the voltage across the two secondary coils, the voltage between points C and D and the voltage between E and D, where the ne ...
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here - Transaction on electrical engineering

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Liebert Interceptor II Sales Brochure
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No Slide Title
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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