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Aalborg Universitet Single-Phase Shunt Active Power Filters Under Adverse Grid Conditions
Aalborg Universitet Single-Phase Shunt Active Power Filters Under Adverse Grid Conditions

Power Optimization Techniques Using Multiple VDD Presented by
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... Sigma Delta modulators of orders higher than 2 are possible to construct but they cannot simply be made by adding further stages as above. The reason is that the phase turn caused by more than two integrators will make the system unstable. Low pass filters are used instead. Sigma Delta ADCs for audi ...
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... part will start up. Below this voltage the device is in its low quiescent current mode. The pin has a 1µA current source charging it to VIN. By adding a capacitor to this pin a delay may easily be generated. The enable function will not operate with an input voltage lower than the min specified volt ...
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UPA-1P : Compact Wide Coverage Loudspeaker

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... The MAX1848 drives white LEDs with a constant current to provide backlight in cell phones, PDAs, and other hand-held devices. The step-up converter topology allows series connection of the white LEDs so that the LED currents are identical for uniform brightness. This configuration eliminates the nee ...
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Twelve Channel Multi-Zone Amplifier User Manual Model: MA1260

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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