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An auto-scaling wide dynamic range current to frequency converter
An auto-scaling wide dynamic range current to frequency converter

What is drive system efficiency and why is it
What is drive system efficiency and why is it

... motor more efficient. There are losses that are introduced by the addition of an input and/or output filter. Depending on the types of filters used, the causes for their losses are different. For example, passive filters may have heating and eddy current losses similar to transformer losses, while a ...
ANSI_ SCTE 46 2002R2007
ANSI_ SCTE 46 2002R2007

... nor shall the existence of such standards preclude their voluntary use by those other than SCTE members, whether used domestically or internationally. SCTE assumes no obligations or liability whatsoever to any party who may adopt the Standards. Such adopting party assumes all risks associated with a ...
IEC 61000-4-5 standard overview
IEC 61000-4-5 standard overview

Inductance, capacitance and resistance
Inductance, capacitance and resistance

... • Can be used to prevent undue binding on the mechanical linkage connected to the motor or may disengage the motor when not needed as in the case of the bendix drive used in starter motors. • They may also incorporate speed or thermal limiting devices. ...
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ics844021-01i.pdf

Aalborg Universitet Reference-Frame Virtual Impedance Loop—Part I: Control Principle
Aalborg Universitet Reference-Frame Virtual Impedance Loop—Part I: Control Principle

Measuring Micro-amp Inductor Currents in Switched
Measuring Micro-amp Inductor Currents in Switched

... capacitors. To monitor how they operate and ultimately meet these expectations, engineers monitor the current flowing through the inductor. In the case of miniaturized supplies, however, inductors switch at 100 kHz – 1 MHz to produce microamp currents that are difficult to sense. Although series res ...
Universal motor speed control and light dimmer with TRIAC and
Universal motor speed control and light dimmer with TRIAC and

... automatically turned OFF when its current reaches a zero value. This behavior is the same for positive and negative voltage. There are only a few “turn ON” limitations along the zero crossing, when the current is not high enough (lower than the TRIAC's latching current), so the power to the load can ...
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FR011L5J (11mΩ, -30V) Low-Side Reverse Bias / Reverse Polarity Protector FR011L

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other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this... advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or... © 2013 IEEE
other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this... advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or... © 2013 IEEE

ADP7118/ADP7142 - Analog Devices
ADP7118/ADP7142 - Analog Devices

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Basic Operation of a Frequency Synthesizer

... specified in dBc/Hz and at a given offset from the carrier. The term dBc simply refers to the level of noise relative to the carrier, i.e. -10 dBc means that the level is 10 lower than the carrier. The bandwidth in which the noise is measured also has to be specified. The reason for this is that noi ...
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TPS65283/-1 4.5- to 18-V Input Voltage, Maximum 3.5-/2.5

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doubly fed induction generator…

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Iowa State University

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... VSS (negative supply) pin is connected to a clean ground. The hold capacitors are internally tied to the VSS (negative) rail. Any ground noise or disturbance will directly couple to the output of the sample-and-hold degrading the signal-to-noise performance. The analog and digital ground traces on t ...
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... ramp down and crossing of the VUVLOL1 threshold the input section will send a final off signal regardless of the IN+ or IN- state. VUVLOL1 and VUVLOH1 form a hysteresis which offers stable operation even at low levels. Any voltage overshoot above the absolute maximum limit can damage the driver circ ...
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Tektronix: Application Note > Fundamentals of Floating

... This common connection point is usually the oscilloscope chassis and is held at (or near) zero volts by virtue of the third-wire ground in the power cord for AC-powered equipment. This means each input channel reference is tied to ground. A traditional passive probe should not be used to directly ma ...
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... problems with this method were that the receiver could be triggered accidentally by naturally occurring noises, and some people, especially young women, could hear the piercing ultrasonic signals. There was even a noted incident in which a toy xylophone changed the channels on these types of TVs si ...
Fundamentals of Floating Measurements and Isolated Input Oscilloscopes.pdf
Fundamentals of Floating Measurements and Isolated Input Oscilloscopes.pdf

... This common connection point is usually the oscilloscope chassis and is held at (or near) zero volts by virtue of the third-wire ground in the power cord for AC-powered equipment. This means each input channel reference is tied to ground. A traditional passive probe should not be used to directly ma ...
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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

... Low power has emerged as a principal theme in today’s electronics industry. The need for low power has caused a major paradigm shift where power dissipation has become as important a consideration as performance and area. In the past, the major concerns of the VLSI designer were area, performance, c ...
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Integrating a Current Sense Resistor With a

... measurement accuracy. As the input signal increases, the influence of these internal errors on the total measurement accuracy decreases. When the input signal decreases the corresponding measurement error is a higher . This relationship between the signal level and the acceptable measurement accurac ...
PDF
PDF

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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