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TRANSMITTERS 4…20 mA
TRANSMITTERS 4…20 mA

... on cables or connectors, nor on the parasite thermocouples distributed in various contacts during signal track. For analogical signals, we can realize transmissions electromagnetically compatible on a distance up to 600 m, depending also on the loop’s resistance. The connection to the power supply s ...
FT7522 Reset Timer with Fixed Delay and Reset Pulse
FT7522 Reset Timer with Fixed Delay and Reset Pulse

... original HIGH state 400ms after time tREC has expired, regardless of the state of /SR0. The /RST1 output is an open-drain driver. When the count time exceeds time 7.5s, the /RST1 output pulls LOW. Short Duration (tW < 7.5s) When the /SR0 input goes LOW, the internal timer starts counting. If the /SR ...
James Samual`s Thesis Proposal
James Samual`s Thesis Proposal

... The buck regulator needs to have a high duty cycle. The duty cycle is the ratio between the pulse duration and the period of the pulse. Today, regulators used in notebooks have an extremely small duty cycle, since the output voltage is small (~1V). However, this small duty cycle affects the performa ...
MAX3293/MAX3294/MAX3295 20Mbps, +3.3V, SOT23 RS-485/ RS-422 Transmitters General Description
MAX3293/MAX3294/MAX3295 20Mbps, +3.3V, SOT23 RS-485/ RS-422 Transmitters General Description

... an external parasitic capacitance up to 100pF that may drive DE high. After 10µs, the timer deactivates M2 while M1 remains on, holding DE low against threestate leakages that can drive DE high. M1 remains on until an external source overcomes the required input current. At this time, the SR latch r ...
Electrodes Bio Amplifiers
Electrodes Bio Amplifiers

... 2. Linear envelope (low-pass filtering of the rectified signal) – main decision here is the choice of the low pass filter! 3. Integration of the signal from (2) over the period of the muscle contraction – area under the curve 4. Integration of the signal from (2) for a fixed time, reset to zero, and ...
lecture7
lecture7

... 2. Linear envelope (low-pass filtering of the rectified signal) – main decision here is the choice of the low pass filter! 3. Integration of the signal from (2) over the period of the muscle contraction – area under the curve 4. Integration of the signal from (2) for a fixed time, reset to zero, and ...
DMPA MANUAL
DMPA MANUAL

... turning the knob to the rate you need and the DMPA will use its’ internal crystal controlled oscillator to accurately generate the selected timing. Be careful in adjusting this control. Some equipment is not capable of the available sample rates and may produce damaging side effects. Always turn dow ...
Universal AC Input, 5 Volt Output, 20 Watt Power Supply
Universal AC Input, 5 Volt Output, 20 Watt Power Supply

... flyback topology utilizing ON Semiconductor’s new NCP1136 monolithic switcher with integral 4-ohm, vertical channel MOSFET in a DIP8 package (U1). This Design Note provides the complete circuit schematic details and BOM for 5 volt, 4 amp power supply with a surge rating to 5 amps. Other output volta ...
FTL7522 Low I Reset Timer with Fixed Delay and Reset Pulse
FTL7522 Low I Reset Timer with Fixed Delay and Reset Pulse

... is held LOW for tREC, 400ms, as soon as the reset time of 7.5s is met, regardless of the state of the /SR0 pin. When the /SR0 input has returned HIGH and tREC has expired, the internal timer resets and awaits the next RESET event. ...
LTC1443/LTC1444/LTC1445 - Ultralow Power Quad Comparators with Reference
LTC1443/LTC1444/LTC1445 - Ultralow Power Quad Comparators with Reference



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Control of Voltage Source Converters for Power

MAX9945 38V, Low-Noise, MOS-Input, Low-Power Op Amp General Description
MAX9945 38V, Low-Noise, MOS-Input, Low-Power Op Amp General Description

... especially when interfacing with high-impedance sensors. Use shielding techniques to guard against parasitic leakage paths. For transimpedance applications, for example, surround the inverting input, and the traces connecting to it, with a buffered version of its own voltage. A convenient source of ...
Paper 12.8_publicati..
Paper 12.8_publicati..

... modulation current that goes through the diode intrinsic active region. Hence, by fitting the S11 ( f ) data with the equivalent circuit model, the electrical parasitic parameters can be extracted. Figure 2 shows the S11 ( f ) data and fitting result at various biasing points for the VCSEL in the sm ...
OPA336-EP SINGLE-SUPPLY MICRO-POWER CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER MicroAmplifier™ SERIES FEATURES
OPA336-EP SINGLE-SUPPLY MICRO-POWER CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER MicroAmplifier™ SERIES FEATURES

... The input common-mode range of the OPA336 extends from (V–) – 0.2 V to (V+) – 1 V. For normal operation, inputs should be limited to this range. The absolute maximum input voltage is 300 mV beyond the supplies. Thus, inputs greater than the input common-mode range, but less than maximum input voltag ...
BME 317 Medical Electronics Lab
BME 317 Medical Electronics Lab

... The frequency at which the output voltage equals 0.707 times the input voltage is referred to as the high or low frequency roll-off point. This point is also defined as the frequency at which the output voltage has dropped by 3 dB. Each kind of filter's response can be customized slightly by changin ...
MC34653, 1.0 A Negative Voltage Hot Swap Controller
MC34653, 1.0 A Negative Voltage Hot Swap Controller

... voltage required for the internal circuitry. The Power MOSFET will stay off until the start of the charging process. After the Power-ON Reset (POR) and once the Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) threshold is cleared, the 34653 checks for external components on two pins — ILIM and ICHG —to set the levels o ...
A Modular Subsea Direct-Current Electrical
A Modular Subsea Direct-Current Electrical

Laboratory Manual
Laboratory Manual

... 2) STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER In order to apply the reduced voltage to the stator of the inductionmotor, three resistances are added in each phase of the stator winding. Initially the resistances are kept maximum in the circuit, due to this large voltage gets dropped across the resistances. Hence a r ...
Meridian Gyrocompasses
Meridian Gyrocompasses

... The Meridian gyrocompass product range is suitable for the ever-changing needs of a modern integrated navigation bridge system. This includes highly accurate performance with low cost of ownership and system flexibility. Due to the Meridian’s small size and fast settle time of less than 45 minutes, ...
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ) Vol. 6 (2015) No.4, pp. 1884-1890
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ) Vol. 6 (2015) No.4, pp. 1884-1890

... stress on the stipulated transmission and distributions systems and adequates the operational reliability, security and economy of the electrical system. The sharing of power in a microgrid by the DG’s particularly during the island operation is a crucial issue because of the presence of DG’s having ...
PowerLab Teaching Series Owner`s Guide
PowerLab Teaching Series Owner`s Guide

Communication Tests and Measurements
Communication Tests and Measurements

... conditions, but power measurements are far more common at higher frequencies, particularly microwave. In testing and troubleshooting communication equipment, you will still use a dc voltmeter to check power supplies and other dc conditions. There are also occasions when measurement of RF, that is, a ...
Understanding Regeneration
Understanding Regeneration

LVC5050 - AE Techron
LVC5050 - AE Techron

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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