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Atmel AVR1631: Single Phase Energy Meter
Atmel AVR1631: Single Phase Energy Meter

- LJMU Research Online
- LJMU Research Online

Using your VZ-7 - Surplus City Liquidators
Using your VZ-7 - Surplus City Liquidators

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SyNCHRONOUS MOTOR PROTECTION SySTEM
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... motor, updating the relay thermal memory in one-minute spans. The SPM will also learn the amount of thermal capacity required for a successful motor start . Each new value of the thermal capacity is compared with the learned starting capacity required. The SPM will prevent an attempted restart if th ...
- Eddystone User Group
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MVW01 - Medium Voltage Drive

... - ND = Normal Duty: maximum current/power with 115% overload for 60 seconds, every 10 minutes. - HD = Heavy Duty: maximum current/power with 150% overload for 60 seconds, every 10 minutes. - Motor power is for reference only and it is based on 4P motor, with 0.87 P.F. and 97% efficiency at full load ...
Introduction To Step Motor Systems
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... However, the speed and power output may be entirely adequate for some low speed applications. Resistance limited, or L/R drivers use dropping resistors to match the motor to the power supply. These resistors are usually placed in series with the common leads of the motor. Their resistance should be ...
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... timer of single chip will delay few microseconds, wait for the voltage of selected analog channel ...
T3200 Insulation Monitoring Relay
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... Apply torque (Q) in integral ounce-inches. If the output of the motor is slightly under 18.65 W at a certain voltage and an integral ounce-inch value of Q, and if the output decreases or remains nearly constant when an additional ounce-inch of torque is applied, then it will be necessary to apply to ...
Simultaneous electrical and optical readout of graphene
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... 1. Fabrication of Graphene on Silicon Nitride Drums: 900 nm thick thermal oxide (wet oxide, 980 C) grown on a double-side-polished silicon wafer. This oxide provides electrical isolation and etch isolation from a potassium hydroxide (KOH) etch. Stoichiometric high-stress nitride (60 nm thick) is gr ...
MAX8759 Low-Cost, SMBus, CCFL Backlight Controller General Description Features
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... operates over a wide input-voltage range of 4.5V to 28V with high power to light efficiency. The device also includes safety features that effectively protect against single-point fault conditions such as lamp-out, secondary overvoltage, and secondary short-circuit faults. The MAX8759 provides accur ...
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... As mentioned previously, there will be a power plane split into 1.2V, 2.5V, 3.3V, and 5V sections, which will each require a power trace of 50 mils on the surface from the corresponding voltage regulator. The voltage regulators will be grouped together, with the 5V LDO supplying the 1.2V, 2.5V, and ...
MAX11212 18-Bit, Single-Channel, Ultra-Low Power, Delta- Sigma ADC with 2-Wire Serial Interface
MAX11212 18-Bit, Single-Channel, Ultra-Low Power, Delta- Sigma ADC with 2-Wire Serial Interface

... The MAX11212 is an ultra-low power (< 300FA max active current), high-resolution, serial-output ADC. This device provides the highest resolution per unit power in the industry, and is optimized for applications that require very high dynamic range with low power such as sensors on a 4mA to 20mA indu ...
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... The operation of the system becomes clearer if we assume that the /N1 counter has just counted down to 0 and both counters have been loaded with their preset values N1 and N2, respectively. We now have to find the number of cycles the VCO must produce until the same logic state is reached again. Thi ...
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... specific vertical column on the LCoS. Therefore, by varying the relative phase between adjacent LCoS columns, it is possible to directly control the spectral phase of the light reflected to the determined output port(s), which in turn directly relate to effects in the time domain due to the Fourier ...
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... The TPA1517 is a stereo audio power amplifier that contains two identical amplifiers capable of delivering 6 W per channel of continuous average power into a 4-Ω load at 10% THD+N or 5 W per channel at 1% THD+N. The gain of each channel is fixed at 20 dB. The amplifier features a mute/standby functi ...
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... The ever increasing problem associated with modern CMOS processes is the demand for digital CMOS gates operating at low supply voltages. The available supply voltage and threshold voltage is lowered as a consequence of the reduction in transistor length. When the supply voltage is decreased the spee ...
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... though, a negative pulse is applied to the pad, and hence to the emitter of the parasitic NPN transistor, the transistor would be put into its conducting mode. Once the pad is taken to -Vbe, the parasitic bipolar transistor turns on, and pulls current from the substrate. When the memory device is be ...
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LM2524D/LM3524D Regulating Pulse Width Modulator
LM2524D/LM3524D Regulating Pulse Width Modulator

... The LM3524D family is an improved version of the industry standard LM3524. It has improved specifications and additional features yet is pin for pin compatible with existing 3524 families. New features reduce the need for additional external circuitry often required in the original version. The LM35 ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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