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µ OPA348 OPA2348 OPA4348
µ OPA348 OPA2348 OPA4348

... NOTES: (1) Stresses above these ratings may cause permanent damage. Exposure to absolute maximum conditions for extended periods may degrade device reliability. These are stress ratings only. Functional operation of the device at these conditions, or beyond the specified operating conditions, is not ...
Lecture 7: RF front-end design LNA mixer
Lecture 7: RF front-end design LNA mixer

... to be hard-switched one way or the other. LO input to the mixer should be at least 100mV peak for complete switching. At 50Ω, 100mV peak is -10 dBm. w1 -10 to 0 dBm (100~300 (100 300 mVpp = 200~600mVpp 200 600mVpp diff) is a reasonable compromise between noise figure, gain and required LO power. Thi ...
A 32GBit/s communication SoC for a waferscale neuromorphic system
A 32GBit/s communication SoC for a waferscale neuromorphic system

10-Bit, 40 MSPS, 3 V, 74 mW A/D Converter AD9203
10-Bit, 40 MSPS, 3 V, 74 mW A/D Converter AD9203

... The AD9203 has an onboard programmable reference. An external reference can also be chosen to suit the dc accuracy and temperature drift requirements of an application. An external resistor can be used to reduce power consumption when operating at lower sampling rates. This yields power savings for ...
Model 994Enh-Ticha LV Variant Datasheet and Specifications PDF
Model 994Enh-Ticha LV Variant Datasheet and Specifications PDF

an106.pdf
an106.pdf

... Switching Voltage Regulators When designed properly, step-down switching regulators can provide 3.3-V to 2.5-V conversion efficiencies as high as 95%. Keys to high efficiency include minimizing quiescent current, using a low resistance power MOSFET switch, and, in higher current applications, using ...
Reference Frame Conversions with the ADMC331
Reference Frame Conversions with the ADMC331

... computationally more efficient at the expense of two additional memory locations for VSinCos. Method 2 calculates the sine and cosine functions every time the Park routine is called, but requires no memory locations for them. This is recommended whenever only one transformation is required. The rout ...
Casco diode - the key to high PFC efficiency BYC58X-600
Casco diode - the key to high PFC efficiency BYC58X-600

... Date of release: February 2010 ...
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smart voltage reduction

... savings, and greater operational flexibility and efficiency ...
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15A Advanced Power Conditioner

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LT1033 - 3A Negative Adjustable Regulator

... An output capacitor, C3, is required to provide proper frequency compensation of the regulator feedback loop. A 2µF or larger solid tantalum capacitor is generally sufficient for this purpose if the 1MHz impedance of the capacitor is 1Ω or less. High Q capacitors, such as Mylar, are not recommended ...
ADM696 数据手册DataSheet 下载
ADM696 数据手册DataSheet 下载

... internally switched to VOUT via an internal PMOS transistor switch. This switch has a typical on resistance of 1.5 Ω and can supply up to 100 mA at the VOUT terminal. VOUT is normally used to drive a RAM memory bank which may require instantaneous currents of greater than 100 mA. If this is the case ...
AP2101/AP2111 Description Pin Assignments
AP2101/AP2111 Description Pin Assignments

... Generic Hot-Plug Applications In many applications it may be necessary to remove modules or pc boards while the main unit is still operating. These are considered hot-plug applications. Such implementations require the control of current surges seen by the main power supply and the card being insert ...
Evaluate: MAX14589E/MAX14594E/ MAX14589E/MAX14594E/ MAX14689 MAX14689 Evaluation Kits
Evaluate: MAX14589E/MAX14594E/ MAX14589E/MAX14594E/ MAX14689 MAX14689 Evaluation Kits

... The EV kits are fully assembled and tested. Follow the steps below to verify board operation and begin evaluation: 1) If using a USB power supply to power the board through the Micro-USB connector (J1), verify that a shunt is installed shorting pins 3-4 on jumper JU2. This powers the device from the ...
BD2202G-LB
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ECE 3130 * Digital Electronics and Design
ECE 3130 * Digital Electronics and Design

... 10 pF load and 10ns rise time ...
Millimeter-Wave CMOS Power Amplifiers With High Output Power
Millimeter-Wave CMOS Power Amplifiers With High Output Power

RClamp0522P RClamp0524P
RClamp0522P RClamp0524P

... interfaces. This series has been specifically designed to protect sensitive components which are connected to high-speed data and transmission lines from overvoltage caused by ESD (electrostatic discharge), CDE (Cable Discharge Events), and EFT (electrical fast transients). The RClamp®0522P and RCla ...
A Survey on Instrumentation Amplifiers used for Biomedical
A Survey on Instrumentation Amplifiers used for Biomedical

... (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) ...
The smart way to save energy and boost performance
The smart way to save energy and boost performance

... of conducting and switching losses in Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS). Our ...
580393681ADM3202_22_1385_c.pdf
580393681ADM3202_22_1385_c.pdf

Super Duty Instructions.pm
Super Duty Instructions.pm

... 2. Leave the Super Duty XR’s ON/OFF switch in the OFF position, and use receiver battery pack’s ON/OFF switch to turn the system power on and off––Do not use the ESC’s switch. 12VDC BATTERY NOTE: An external receiver battery pack should be used when using the Super Duty XR’s with a single 12 volt ba ...
Integra and Paladin Transducers
Integra and Paladin Transducers

... The transducer is connected to a PC’s COM port via an RS485/RS232 converter. The software allows the user to load and save configuration settings to and from a PC hard disk, and to send and retrieve settings from the transducer. Settings can be saved for later use and can be copied from one Integra ...
Crompton Instruments Integra and Paladin Transducers
Crompton Instruments Integra and Paladin Transducers

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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