Regulation of Bacterial Conjugation in Microaerobiosis by
... derepressed in the ileum of infected mice (GarciaQuintanilla et al. 2008). High osmolarity and microaerobiosis, two reductionist conditions for imitation of the intestinal environment, derepress pSLT transfer in the laboratory (Garcia-Quintanilla et al. 2008). Regulatory mechanisms that control expr ...
... derepressed in the ileum of infected mice (GarciaQuintanilla et al. 2008). High osmolarity and microaerobiosis, two reductionist conditions for imitation of the intestinal environment, derepress pSLT transfer in the laboratory (Garcia-Quintanilla et al. 2008). Regulatory mechanisms that control expr ...
biojeopardy evolution
... 15cm. What is the most likely explanation for difference in sizes of members of these populations What is genetic bottleneck or founder Continue ...
... 15cm. What is the most likely explanation for difference in sizes of members of these populations What is genetic bottleneck or founder Continue ...
understanding heredity
... ciples. But by this time 1 many of the obstacles to clear understanding have been removed, and the main avenues leading into this still rather new field of human exploration have been mapped out, paved with smoothly fitted stones of facts, and made into well-traveled boulevards. It is scarcely need ...
... ciples. But by this time 1 many of the obstacles to clear understanding have been removed, and the main avenues leading into this still rather new field of human exploration have been mapped out, paved with smoothly fitted stones of facts, and made into well-traveled boulevards. It is scarcely need ...
A pair of Sox: distinct and overlapping functions of
... decreasing the size of the endochondral disc and the number of actinotrichia, although those remaining are of normal length (Fig. 3W). Animals treated with sox9b MO have the same defect (Fig. 3X), showing that this mutant phenotype is due to lack of sox9b function. In the double mutant, the scapuloc ...
... decreasing the size of the endochondral disc and the number of actinotrichia, although those remaining are of normal length (Fig. 3W). Animals treated with sox9b MO have the same defect (Fig. 3X), showing that this mutant phenotype is due to lack of sox9b function. In the double mutant, the scapuloc ...
Environmental Microbiology
... opa (opacity) genes in Neisseria meningitides and Neisseria gonorhoeae species, switching loci ON and OFF is based on changes in the number of pentameric repeat elements (5′-CTTCT-3′) with which the expression state of the opa gene(s) changes. For example, 6, 9 or 12 repeats are equivalent to an Opa ...
... opa (opacity) genes in Neisseria meningitides and Neisseria gonorhoeae species, switching loci ON and OFF is based on changes in the number of pentameric repeat elements (5′-CTTCT-3′) with which the expression state of the opa gene(s) changes. For example, 6, 9 or 12 repeats are equivalent to an Opa ...
Chromatin Evolution and Molecular Drive in Speciation
... an answer to this question. Instead, the DMI model only predicts that combinations of incompatible genes from different species lead to sterile or inviable hybrids. According to Mayr [3], reproductive isolation is an accidental byproduct of speciation. Recently, around a dozen “speciation genes” have ...
... an answer to this question. Instead, the DMI model only predicts that combinations of incompatible genes from different species lead to sterile or inviable hybrids. According to Mayr [3], reproductive isolation is an accidental byproduct of speciation. Recently, around a dozen “speciation genes” have ...
Specification of unique neuronal sub-types by integration of positional and temporal cues
... accepted that most developmental processes are well conserved throughout the animal kingdom, making results obtained from these studies highly relevant for understanding our nervous system. In fact, one of the most exciting discoveries of the past couple of decades in developmental biology has been ...
... accepted that most developmental processes are well conserved throughout the animal kingdom, making results obtained from these studies highly relevant for understanding our nervous system. In fact, one of the most exciting discoveries of the past couple of decades in developmental biology has been ...
Biotechnology Explorer™ Ligation and Transformation - Bio-Rad
... not all of the religated vectors will necessarily contain the DNA fragment of interest. To produce visible indicators that cells contain an insert, vectors frequently contain reporter genes, which distinguish them from cells that do not have inserts. Two common reporter genes are beta-galactosidase ...
... not all of the religated vectors will necessarily contain the DNA fragment of interest. To produce visible indicators that cells contain an insert, vectors frequently contain reporter genes, which distinguish them from cells that do not have inserts. Two common reporter genes are beta-galactosidase ...
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents ksgA mutations confer
... many bacteria. In this study, we tested the susceptibilities to KSG of 22 low-passage clinical isolates and 2 laboratory strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Although the range of KSG minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was narrow (seven-fold), clinical isolates and laboratory strains fell into th ...
... many bacteria. In this study, we tested the susceptibilities to KSG of 22 low-passage clinical isolates and 2 laboratory strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Although the range of KSG minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was narrow (seven-fold), clinical isolates and laboratory strains fell into th ...
Transgenerational epigenetics in the germline cycle
... and the processes that provide discriminatory targeting for maintenance and/or removal are under intense investigation, and are still poorly defined in any organism. Studies using the nematode C. elegans have identified a number of mechanisms that contribute to the establishment of epigenetic patter ...
... and the processes that provide discriminatory targeting for maintenance and/or removal are under intense investigation, and are still poorly defined in any organism. Studies using the nematode C. elegans have identified a number of mechanisms that contribute to the establishment of epigenetic patter ...
Effects of Salt Concentrations and Bending Energy on the Extent of
... therefore a measure of the stressed state of the DNA, due to both its crowding and bending. It has recently been shown that this force can be determined by experiments in which osmotic pressure is employed to inhibit the ejection (6). The results of these studies are consistent with the predictions ...
... therefore a measure of the stressed state of the DNA, due to both its crowding and bending. It has recently been shown that this force can be determined by experiments in which osmotic pressure is employed to inhibit the ejection (6). The results of these studies are consistent with the predictions ...
Identification of editing positions in the ndhB transcript from maize
... for editing site VI where in maize chloroplasts a CCA (Pro) to CUA (Leu) transition occurs whereas the homologous Oenothera and wheat mitochondrial editing sites show an UCC (Ser) to UUC (Phe) transition (see also following section and Figure 7C and E). Thus, inspite of the homology of these editing ...
... for editing site VI where in maize chloroplasts a CCA (Pro) to CUA (Leu) transition occurs whereas the homologous Oenothera and wheat mitochondrial editing sites show an UCC (Ser) to UUC (Phe) transition (see also following section and Figure 7C and E). Thus, inspite of the homology of these editing ...
Creation/Evolution
... There are thus a total of 22 unique meanings for the 64 codons, so many codons are synonyms. The fact that many amino acids are coded for by several codons is called degeneracy ©1998 Timothy G. Standish ...
... There are thus a total of 22 unique meanings for the 64 codons, so many codons are synonyms. The fact that many amino acids are coded for by several codons is called degeneracy ©1998 Timothy G. Standish ...
Mendelian Genetics— patterns of Inheritance
... Figure 3 shows an example of one of Mendel’s monohybrid crosses. Mendel crossed a true-breeding pea plant with purple flowers with a true-breeding pea plant with white flowers. He wondered whether the hybrid F1 generation would have pink (or “blended”) flowers, as some scientists might have predicted. ...
... Figure 3 shows an example of one of Mendel’s monohybrid crosses. Mendel crossed a true-breeding pea plant with purple flowers with a true-breeding pea plant with white flowers. He wondered whether the hybrid F1 generation would have pink (or “blended”) flowers, as some scientists might have predicted. ...
Analysis of similarity of the S1 gene in infectious bronchitis virus (IBV
... Coronaviruses have the largest RNA virus genomes and replicate by means of the specific enveloped transcription. Moreover, its mismatching percent and the combination percent is very high, so the virus can mutate easily (Moore et al 1998). Thus the viruses’ antigenicity and pathogenicity are changed ...
... Coronaviruses have the largest RNA virus genomes and replicate by means of the specific enveloped transcription. Moreover, its mismatching percent and the combination percent is very high, so the virus can mutate easily (Moore et al 1998). Thus the viruses’ antigenicity and pathogenicity are changed ...
Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and
... sequences: 5′-AGCTTGGTTAACGCGGCCGC-3′ and 3′ACCAATTGCGCCGGCGTCGA-5′, was then subcloned into the HindIII site of p41-4-H3-1. In the resultant plasmid, p41-4Hpa, the HindIII site is maintained and a unique HpaI site is introduced. To reconstitute the 5′ end of the P-element and the P-transposase prom ...
... sequences: 5′-AGCTTGGTTAACGCGGCCGC-3′ and 3′ACCAATTGCGCCGGCGTCGA-5′, was then subcloned into the HindIII site of p41-4-H3-1. In the resultant plasmid, p41-4Hpa, the HindIII site is maintained and a unique HpaI site is introduced. To reconstitute the 5′ end of the P-element and the P-transposase prom ...
Populus trichocarpa
... – Direct positive selection – are some of these alleles conditionally advantageous? ...
... – Direct positive selection – are some of these alleles conditionally advantageous? ...
Supplementary Table 1 Entrez Gene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
... gene. (provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011) This gene encodes a subunit of the heterotetrameric AP-4 complex. The encoded protein belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunits family. This AP-4 complex is involved in the recognition and sorting of cargo proteins with tyrosine-based motifs from the trans ...
... gene. (provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011) This gene encodes a subunit of the heterotetrameric AP-4 complex. The encoded protein belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunits family. This AP-4 complex is involved in the recognition and sorting of cargo proteins with tyrosine-based motifs from the trans ...
Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology Scope
... Two patients with multiple osteochondromas demonstrated a germline mutation combined with loss of the remaining wild type allele in three osteochondromas, supporting the Knudson's two hit model for tumour suppressor genes in osteochondroma development; these results indicate that in cartilaginous ce ...
... Two patients with multiple osteochondromas demonstrated a germline mutation combined with loss of the remaining wild type allele in three osteochondromas, supporting the Knudson's two hit model for tumour suppressor genes in osteochondroma development; these results indicate that in cartilaginous ce ...
wsp Gene Sequences from the Wolbachia of Filarial Nematodes
... only a few species (B. malayi, B. pahangi, L. sigmodontis; not shown). The PCR products obtained with primers WSPintF and WSPintR from nematode Wolbachia were sequenced directly, and the sequences were aligned to the wsp gene available for arthropod Wolbachia. We also tried to align wsp to the gene ...
... only a few species (B. malayi, B. pahangi, L. sigmodontis; not shown). The PCR products obtained with primers WSPintF and WSPintR from nematode Wolbachia were sequenced directly, and the sequences were aligned to the wsp gene available for arthropod Wolbachia. We also tried to align wsp to the gene ...
The Art of Multiple Sequence Alignment in R - decipher
... alignment. The idea is to give the alignment a biological basis even though the molecules that the sequences represent will never meet each other and align under any natural circumstance. The workhorse for sequence alignment in DECIPHER is AlignProfiles, which takes in two aligned sets of DNA, RNA, ...
... alignment. The idea is to give the alignment a biological basis even though the molecules that the sequences represent will never meet each other and align under any natural circumstance. The workhorse for sequence alignment in DECIPHER is AlignProfiles, which takes in two aligned sets of DNA, RNA, ...
The promiscuous primase
... DNA primases are essential for the initiation of DNA replication and progression of the replication fork. Recent phylogenetic analyses coupled with biochemical and structural studies have revealed that the arrangement of catalytic residues within the archaeal and eukaryotic primase has significant s ...
... DNA primases are essential for the initiation of DNA replication and progression of the replication fork. Recent phylogenetic analyses coupled with biochemical and structural studies have revealed that the arrangement of catalytic residues within the archaeal and eukaryotic primase has significant s ...
Relationships Between RNA Polymerase II Activity and Spt
... yeast genome and many of these exhibit modulation by many factors (Martens et al. 2004, 2005; Hainer et al. 2011; Bird et al. 2006). Furthermore, widespread antisense transcription is being revealed as a mechanism for shaping gene regulation in a number of ways, including transcription over promoter ...
... yeast genome and many of these exhibit modulation by many factors (Martens et al. 2004, 2005; Hainer et al. 2011; Bird et al. 2006). Furthermore, widespread antisense transcription is being revealed as a mechanism for shaping gene regulation in a number of ways, including transcription over promoter ...
X Chromosome Aneuploidy: A Look at the Effects of X Inactivation
... chromosome, and binds to the XIST RNA, keeping the XIST RNA from binding to that chromosome and inactivating it (Owaga, 2003). In contrast, only XIST RNA is found on the inactivated X chromosome (Plath et al., 2002). Compared to autosomal chromosomes, the X chromosome has significantly more inverted ...
... chromosome, and binds to the XIST RNA, keeping the XIST RNA from binding to that chromosome and inactivating it (Owaga, 2003). In contrast, only XIST RNA is found on the inactivated X chromosome (Plath et al., 2002). Compared to autosomal chromosomes, the X chromosome has significantly more inverted ...
Gene
A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term ""having a gene"" (e.g., ""good genes,"" ""hair colour gene"") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.