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УДК 336.7 JEL Code G10 С.М. ДЕНЬГА (Полтавський університет
УДК 336.7 JEL Code G10 С.М. ДЕНЬГА (Полтавський університет

... implementation of certain operations. The market agent exposed every minute some risk because of their dependence on market factors such as interest rates, exchange rates and prices of goods. To avoid losses from foreign currency transactions, which expect a break in time of shipment and payment or ...
Long term spread option valuation and hedging
Long term spread option valuation and hedging

... correlated Wiener processes. This is the classical Gibson and Schwartz (1990) model for each commodity price in a complete market.3 The return correlation q13 := E[dW1,1 dW2,1]/dt plays a substantial role in valuing a spread option; trading a spread option is equivalent to trading the correlation be ...
Decimalization, trading costs, and information transmission between
Decimalization, trading costs, and information transmission between

... where Pit is the transaction price for stock i at time t and Mit is the midpoint of the bid and ask prices of the quotes immediately prior to the transaction. The quote is required to be at least 5 seconds before the trade.5 Because quotes of index futures are not available, quoted and effective spr ...
Sample questions
Sample questions

... London CD ...
Stock price
Stock price

... less than B, then the loan is satisfied by the bondholders taking over the firm. In this way, the bondholders are forced to “pay” B (in the sense that the loan is cancelled) in return for an asset worth only V. It is as though the bondholders wrote a put on an asset worth V, with exercise price B. A ...
RMTF - The Greeks - Society of Actuaries
RMTF - The Greeks - Society of Actuaries

... the other variables used in the pricing formula (option price, asset price, time to maturity, risk-free rate, and exercise price). Vega is not always appropriate for comparing the effect of a change in volatility on the price of different options because it measures absolute changes in volatility ra ...
CHAPTER 16 Futures Contracts
CHAPTER 16 Futures Contracts

... originated in Japan during the early Tokugawa era, that is, the seventeenth century. As you might guess, these early Japanese futures markets were devoted to trading contracts for rice. Tokugawa rule ended in 1867, but active rice futures markets continue on to this day. The oldest organized futures ...
PDF
PDF

... institutions. The biggest drawback of volatility is the associated uncertainty of marketing production, investment in technology, innovation etc. Increasing risk would lead to inefficient resource allocation for producers, merchandisers, and speculators, it also has the potential to limit access to ...
CME SPAN - CME Group
CME SPAN - CME Group

... • SPAN assesses the risk of a portfolio, by calculating the maximum likely ...
option
option

... Period over which a contract trades Derivatives contracts have one, two and three months expiry cycles Contracts expire on last Thursday New contracts are fired on Friday ...
butterfly spread
butterfly spread

... Buying an asset and a put generates the same profit as buying a call Short-selling an asset and buying a call generates the same profit as buying a put Writing a covered call generates the same profit as selling a put Writing a covered put generates the same profit as selling a call How to make the ...
Lecture Notes_Chapter 3
Lecture Notes_Chapter 3

... A box spread is accomplished by using options to create a synthetic long forward at one price and a synthetic short forward at a different price Synthetic long forward: long a call and short a put with the same strike price The combination of payoff diagrams of a synthetic long forward and a synthet ...
Document
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... of the underlying's price market participants expect to prevail until expiration of the option.3 Over the last years a number of new techniques have been developed that allow for the extraction of considerably more information from option prices than just the expected value or the expected standard ...
Derivatives and Volatility on Indian Stock Markets
Derivatives and Volatility on Indian Stock Markets

... This study shows that unlike the findings by Antoniou and Holmes (1995) for the London Stock Exchange (LSE), the introduction of index future, per se, has actually reduced the stock price volatility. Bologna and Covalla also found that in the post Index-future period the importance of ‘present news’ ...
Full text - Высшая школа экономики
Full text - Высшая школа экономики

... short run means that even if price is way above the one dictated by fundamentals it can take a long time for it to affect inventory levels. The second major problem in the way of proving that speculators caused prices to change is providing a link between speculators and physical markets. Speculator ...
Investments
Investments

... underlying asset. At-the-money - The exercise price is equal to the spot price of the underlying asset. Out-of-the-money - The exercise price is more than the spot price of the underlying asset. ...
Chapter: 351 EXCHANGES (SPECIAL LEVY) ORDINANCE Gazette
Chapter: 351 EXCHANGES (SPECIAL LEVY) ORDINANCE Gazette

... (1) Subject to subsection (2), the Secretary may by notice in the Gazette vary the amount or rate of the special levy payable under section 3 or 4. (2) The amount or rate of special levy, as the case may be, as varied under subsection (1) shall not exceed(a) in the case of the special levy under sec ...
advanced cotton futures and options strategies
advanced cotton futures and options strategies

... Cotton producers have used futures and options contracts as a price risk management tool for many years. These contracts, when used in their simplest form, provide the opportunity for producers to “lock-in” their price well ahead of harvest. “Locking-in” the price using futures contracts will involv ...
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MF2458 Grain Marketing Plans for Farmers

... challenge for grain marketers. Ongoing uncertainty about price prospects serves to emphasize the need to develop grain-marketing strategies with specific price goals and contingency plans. Without preset price goals based on-farm financial needs or some other farm business planning principle, grain ...
The information content of interest rate futures options
The information content of interest rate futures options

... the two nearest serial (non-quarterly) months. ED futures contracts are traded using a price index. The futures interest rate is calculated by subtracting the futures price from 100. For example, a ED price of 95.80 corresponds to a futures interest rate of 4.20 per cent. Thus if investors expect sh ...
The information content of interest rate futures options
The information content of interest rate futures options

... the two nearest serial (non-quarterly) months. ED futures contracts are traded using a price index. The futures interest rate is calculated by subtracting the futures price from 100. For example, a ED price of 95.80 corresponds to a futures interest rate of 4.20 per cent. Thus if investors expect sh ...
PDF
PDF

... riskier to trade than others due to inherent uncertainty regarding the contract's equilibrium value upon contract expiration. For example, futures which expire during the growing season may be particularly illiquid due to uncertainties regarding the size of the new crop and the demand for storage be ...
Chapter 10
Chapter 10

... • Selling 100,000 shares as soon as price falls below ...
LDH161211
LDH161211

... • No chance of participating in market volatility • Profit/loss crystallized on the date of booking • The upside and downside (opportunity profit/loss) theoretically unlimited ...
Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards
Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards

... Allied accumulates in equity the gain on the futures contract as part of other comprehensive income until the period when it sells the inventory. Appendix H-25 ...
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Futures contract

In finance, a futures contract (more colloquially, futures) is a contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset for a price agreed upon today (the futures price) with delivery and payment occurring at a future point, the delivery date. Because it is a function of an underlying asset, a futures contract is a derivative product. Contracts are negotiated at futures exchanges, which act as a marketplace between buyer and seller. The buyer of the contract is said to be ""long"", and the party selling the contract is said to be ""short"".The first futures contracts were negotiated for agricultural commodities, and later for natural resources such as oil. Financial futures were introduced in 1972, and in recent decades, currency futures, interest rate futures and stock market index futures have played an increasingly large role in the overall futures markets.The original use of futures contracts was to mitigate the risk of price or exchange rate movements by allowing parties to fix prices or rates in advance for future transactions. This could be advantageous when (for example) a party expects to receive payment in foreign currency in the future, and wishes to guard against an unfavorable movement of the currency in the interval before payment is received.However futures contracts also offer opportunities for speculation in that a trader who predicts that the price of an asset will move in a particular direction can contract to buy or sell it in the future at a price which (if the prediction is correct) will yield a profit.
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