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June 01, 2008
June 01, 2008

... As a chemist working in the forensics department of the SAPS, you were called upon to identify an unknown powder that was found at 3 different crime scenes. Your preliminary examination of the powder samples obtained from Scene 1 and Scene 2 might suggest it being an illegal drug (a date-rape drug). ...
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... (NOTE There are 2 NMR spectra with this problem. Below the 1H spectrum, the integrals (= areas) of the signals are given as numbers ratios). From the IR spectrum of an unknown substance X with M = 102, we know X to be an ester. 6p 1  Calculate the molecular formula of substance X. Give all possible ...
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Chemical thermodynamics



Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes.The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics. Starting from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, four equations called the ""fundamental equations of Gibbs"" can be derived. From these four, a multitude of equations, relating the thermodynamic properties of the thermodynamic system can be derived using relatively simple mathematics. This outlines the mathematical framework of chemical thermodynamics.
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